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Effect of Laser Energy Density on Surface Morphology, Composition and Cleaning Mechanism of TC1 Titanium Alloy During Nanosecond Laser Cleaning.

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Title: Effect of Laser Energy Density on Surface Morphology, Composition and Cleaning Mechanism of TC1 Titanium Alloy During Nanosecond Laser Cleaning.
Authors: Chen, Yang1,2 (AUTHOR), Sun, Haixiang1,2 (AUTHOR), Li, Xuecheng3 (AUTHOR), Song, Hongyan1,2,4 (AUTHOR), Han, Zexuan1,2,4 (AUTHOR), Nie, Jinhao1,2,4 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Donghe1,3,4 (AUTHOR), Xu, Jie1,2,4 (AUTHOR), Guo, Bin1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1695. 16p.
Subjects: Energy density, Laser ablation, Titanium alloys, Microhardness, Pulsed lasers, Surface roughness, Surface morphology
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? After cleaning at a pressure of 6.37 J/cm2, the oxygen content on the surface decreased to 4.87%. The surface roughness was as low as 0.37 µm, and the microhardness was 268.9 HV. The mechanism of oxide layer laser removal mainly involves laser ablation induced by plasma impact. What are the implications of the main findings? Revealed the optimal process parameters. Reduces the roughness while having a minimal impact on hardness. The mechanism of oxide layer removal is explained. To remove the oxide layer of TC1 titanium alloys in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner, this study conducted experiments using a nanosecond pulsed laser to systematically investigate the influence of different laser energy densities on the cleaning effect. The results showed that the oxide layer could be completely removed at an energy density of 6.37 J/cm2, with the surface oxygen element content reduced to 4.87%. The macroscopic surface presented a silvery metallic luster. Moreover, the roughness decreased significantly with the increase in energy density. At 6.37 J/cm2, the surface roughness dropped to 0.37 µm. The mechanism of removing the oxide layer of TC1 titanium alloy mainly includes laser ablation and plasma impact. At energy densities ranging from 2.55 J/cm2 to 6.37 J/cm2, the cleaning mechanism was mainly laser ablation. When the energy density exceeded 6.37 J/cm2, the cleaning mechanism gradually shifted from laser ablation to plasma impact as the dominant factor. Meanwhile, the microhardness of the samples after laser cleaning was basically consistent with that of the samples subjected to mechanical grinding, which provides a basis for a nanosecond pulsed laser to replace traditional methods for oxide layer cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Effect of Laser Energy Density on Surface Morphology, Composition and Cleaning Mechanism of TC1 Titanium Alloy During Nanosecond Laser Cleaning.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Yang%22">Chen, Yang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Haixiang%22">Sun, Haixiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Xuecheng%22">Li, Xuecheng</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Hongyan%22">Song, Hongyan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Han%2C+Zexuan%22">Han, Zexuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nie%2C+Jinhao%22">Nie, Jinhao</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Donghe%22">Zhang, Donghe</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Jie%22">Xu, Jie</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guo%2C+Bin%22">Guo, Bin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1695. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+density%22">Energy density</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laser+ablation%22">Laser ablation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+alloys%22">Titanium alloys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microhardness%22">Microhardness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pulsed+lasers%22">Pulsed lasers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+roughness%22">Surface roughness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+morphology%22">Surface morphology</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? After cleaning at a pressure of 6.37 J/cm2, the oxygen content on the surface decreased to 4.87%. The surface roughness was as low as 0.37 µm, and the microhardness was 268.9 HV. The mechanism of oxide layer laser removal mainly involves laser ablation induced by plasma impact. What are the implications of the main findings? Revealed the optimal process parameters. Reduces the roughness while having a minimal impact on hardness. The mechanism of oxide layer removal is explained. To remove the oxide layer of TC1 titanium alloys in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner, this study conducted experiments using a nanosecond pulsed laser to systematically investigate the influence of different laser energy densities on the cleaning effect. The results showed that the oxide layer could be completely removed at an energy density of 6.37 J/cm2, with the surface oxygen element content reduced to 4.87%. The macroscopic surface presented a silvery metallic luster. Moreover, the roughness decreased significantly with the increase in energy density. At 6.37 J/cm2, the surface roughness dropped to 0.37 µm. The mechanism of removing the oxide layer of TC1 titanium alloy mainly includes laser ablation and plasma impact. At energy densities ranging from 2.55 J/cm2 to 6.37 J/cm2, the cleaning mechanism was mainly laser ablation. When the energy density exceeded 6.37 J/cm2, the cleaning mechanism gradually shifted from laser ablation to plasma impact as the dominant factor. Meanwhile, the microhardness of the samples after laser cleaning was basically consistent with that of the samples subjected to mechanical grinding, which provides a basis for a nanosecond pulsed laser to replace traditional methods for oxide layer cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19091695
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1695
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Energy density
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laser ablation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Titanium alloys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microhardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pulsed lasers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface roughness
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      – SubjectFull: Surface morphology
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      – TitleFull: Effect of Laser Energy Density on Surface Morphology, Composition and Cleaning Mechanism of TC1 Titanium Alloy During Nanosecond Laser Cleaning.
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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