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Microhardness Recovery and Micromorphology of Demineralized Dentin Restored with Modified Glass Hybrid Material.

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Title: Microhardness Recovery and Micromorphology of Demineralized Dentin Restored with Modified Glass Hybrid Material.
Authors: Šalinović, Ivan1 (AUTHOR), Bilić-Prcić, Maja1 (AUTHOR) mbilicprcic@sfzg.unizg.hr, Bota, Maria1 (AUTHOR), Ivica, Anja1 (AUTHOR), Miletić, Ivana1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1733. 11p.
Subjects: Microhardness, Dentin, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Glass fibers, Bioactive glasses, Glass-reinforced plastics, Morphology, Scanning electron microscopy
Abstract: This study evaluated how the addition of 5 wt% bioactive glass and 15 wt% short glass fibers to EQUIA Forte HT affects the microhardness, micromorphology, and elemental composition of demineralized dentin. Class I cavities in 28 human third molars were demineralized with 37% phosphoric acid and restored with: (1) Filtek Universal composite, (2) EQUIA Forte HT, (3) EQUIA Forte HT + 5wt% BAG, or (4) EQUIA Forte HT + 15wt% short glass fibers. After 4 weeks of storage in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C, the teeth were cut in half, obtaining two samples from each tooth (n = 14). Vickers microhardness (HV0.1) was measured on demineralized dentin 50–100 μm apical to the restoration interface. Representative specimens (n = 2) were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Unmodified EQUIA Forte HT showed the highest mean dentin microhardness recovery (25.06 ± 1.42 HV0.1), followed by composite (17.31 ± 0.66 HV0.1), BAG-modified (23.74 ± 1.37 HV0.1) and fiber-reinforced (22.15 ± 1.06 HV0.1) groups (p < 0.001, all pairwise comparisons p ≤ 0.039). Glass hybrids showed prominent Ca/P peaks; modified groups had elevated Si (BAG) and Al (fibers). SEM revealed smoother surfaces with fewer cracks in modified materials. Unmodified EQUIA Forte HT produced the highest short-term microhardness recovery, while BAG and fiber additions altered surface morphology and elemental composition but slightly reduced early hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Microhardness Recovery and Micromorphology of Demineralized Dentin Restored with Modified Glass Hybrid Material.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Šalinović%2C+Ivan%22&quot;&gt;Šalinović, Ivan&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Bilić-Prcić%2C+Maja%22&quot;&gt;Bilić-Prcić, Maja&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; mbilicprcic@sfzg.unizg.hr&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Bota%2C+Maria%22&quot;&gt;Bota, Maria&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Ivica%2C+Anja%22&quot;&gt;Ivica, Anja&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Miletić%2C+Ivana%22&quot;&gt;Miletić, Ivana&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22&quot;&gt;Materials (1996-1944)&lt;/searchLink&gt;. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1733. 11p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study evaluated how the addition of 5 wt% bioactive glass and 15 wt% short glass fibers to EQUIA Forte HT affects the microhardness, micromorphology, and elemental composition of demineralized dentin. Class I cavities in 28 human third molars were demineralized with 37% phosphoric acid and restored with: (1) Filtek Universal composite, (2) EQUIA Forte HT, (3) EQUIA Forte HT + 5wt% BAG, or (4) EQUIA Forte HT + 15wt% short glass fibers. After 4 weeks of storage in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 &#176;C, the teeth were cut in half, obtaining two samples from each tooth (n = 14). Vickers microhardness (HV0.1) was measured on demineralized dentin 50–100 μm apical to the restoration interface. Representative specimens (n = 2) were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Unmodified EQUIA Forte HT showed the highest mean dentin microhardness recovery (25.06 &#177; 1.42 HV0.1), followed by composite (17.31 &#177; 0.66 HV0.1), BAG-modified (23.74 &#177; 1.37 HV0.1) and fiber-reinforced (22.15 &#177; 1.06 HV0.1) groups (p &lt; 0.001, all pairwise comparisons p ≤ 0.039). Glass hybrids showed prominent Ca/P peaks; modified groups had elevated Si (BAG) and Al (fibers). SEM revealed smoother surfaces with fewer cracks in modified materials. Unmodified EQUIA Forte HT produced the highest short-term microhardness recovery, while BAG and fiber additions altered surface morphology and elemental composition but slightly reduced early hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19091733
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 1733
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Microhardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentin
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glass fibers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bioactive glasses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glass-reinforced plastics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Morphology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scanning electron microscopy
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Microhardness Recovery and Micromorphology of Demineralized Dentin Restored with Modified Glass Hybrid Material.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Šalinović, Ivan
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            NameFull: Bilić-Prcić, Maja
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            NameFull: Bota, Maria
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            NameFull: Ivica, Anja
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            NameFull: Miletić, Ivana
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 9
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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