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Synergistic Effects of Bioactive Glass on the Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Bioactivity of 3D-Printed PCL Scaffolds.

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Title: Synergistic Effects of Bioactive Glass on the Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Bioactivity of 3D-Printed PCL Scaffolds.
Authors: Yang, Bo1 (AUTHOR) 15300980068@163.com, Wang, Runhua1,2 (AUTHOR), Yang, Guang1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Zejia1,2 (AUTHOR), Chen, Xiaohong2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1740. 20p.
Subjects: Bioactive glasses, Polycaprolactone, Cell culture, Mechanical behavior of materials, Chemical properties, Three-dimensional printing, Tissue engineering, Tissue scaffolds
Abstract: Polycaprolactone (PCL) is widely utilized in bone tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and processability; however, its inherent bioinertness and hydrophobicity significantly restrict its clinical osteogenic efficacy. To overcome these limitations, we incorporated sol–gel synthesized silicate-based bioactive glass (BG) into a PCL matrix and fabricated a series of composite scaffolds with varying BG contents via direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing. Rheological characterization confirmed that all ink formulations exhibited shear-thinning behavior, with viscosity increasing monotonically with BG content. DSC analysis revealed that BG incorporation progressively reduced the crystallinity of PCL from 51.47% to 36.23%. We systematically evaluated the physicochemical properties, mechanical resilience, and in vitro degradation behavior of these scaffolds. The results indicated that BG incorporation significantly improved the surface hydrophilicity, with the contact angle decreasing from 104.8 ± 2.81° to 69.8 ± 2.91°. Furthermore, as the BG content increased, the porosity and mechanical strength exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, yet all values remained within the range of human cancellous bone. Notably, cellular assays revealed that the introduction of 58SBG enhanced cell–matrix interactions; the PCL/BG scaffolds promoted superior cell attachment and more extensive morphological spreading compared to pure PCL. Among all groups, the PCL/30BG composite scaffold demonstrated the most optimal balance of mechanical integrity and biological response. Consequently, the PCL/30BG scaffold developed in this study exhibits immense potential as a bone graft substitute, providing a promising approach for clinical bone defect repair strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Synergistic Effects of Bioactive Glass on the Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Bioactivity of 3D-Printed PCL Scaffolds.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Bo%22">Yang, Bo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 15300980068@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Runhua%22">Wang, Runhua</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Guang%22">Yang, Guang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Zejia%22">Zhang, Zejia</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Xiaohong%22">Chen, Xiaohong</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1740. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bioactive+glasses%22">Bioactive glasses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polycaprolactone%22">Polycaprolactone</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cell+culture%22">Cell culture</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+properties%22">Chemical properties</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tissue+engineering%22">Tissue engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tissue+scaffolds%22">Tissue scaffolds</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Polycaprolactone (PCL) is widely utilized in bone tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and processability; however, its inherent bioinertness and hydrophobicity significantly restrict its clinical osteogenic efficacy. To overcome these limitations, we incorporated sol–gel synthesized silicate-based bioactive glass (BG) into a PCL matrix and fabricated a series of composite scaffolds with varying BG contents via direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing. Rheological characterization confirmed that all ink formulations exhibited shear-thinning behavior, with viscosity increasing monotonically with BG content. DSC analysis revealed that BG incorporation progressively reduced the crystallinity of PCL from 51.47% to 36.23%. We systematically evaluated the physicochemical properties, mechanical resilience, and in vitro degradation behavior of these scaffolds. The results indicated that BG incorporation significantly improved the surface hydrophilicity, with the contact angle decreasing from 104.8 ± 2.81° to 69.8 ± 2.91°. Furthermore, as the BG content increased, the porosity and mechanical strength exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, yet all values remained within the range of human cancellous bone. Notably, cellular assays revealed that the introduction of 58SBG enhanced cell–matrix interactions; the PCL/BG scaffolds promoted superior cell attachment and more extensive morphological spreading compared to pure PCL. Among all groups, the PCL/30BG composite scaffold demonstrated the most optimal balance of mechanical integrity and biological response. Consequently, the PCL/30BG scaffold developed in this study exhibits immense potential as a bone graft substitute, providing a promising approach for clinical bone defect repair strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19091740
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 1740
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Bioactive glasses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polycaprolactone
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cell culture
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tissue engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tissue scaffolds
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Synergistic Effects of Bioactive Glass on the Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Bioactivity of 3D-Printed PCL Scaffolds.
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            NameFull: Yang, Bo
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            NameFull: Wang, Runhua
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            NameFull: Yang, Guang
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            NameFull: Zhang, Zejia
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 9
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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