Potential Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Aligners in the Oral Environment: A Scoping Review.
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| Title: | Potential Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Aligners in the Oral Environment: A Scoping Review. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Laskowska, Joanna1 (AUTHOR), Paradowska-Stolarz, Anna1 (AUTHOR) anna.paradowska-stolarz@umw.edu.pl, Mikulewicz, Marcin1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Materials (1996-1944). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1774. 11p. |
| Subjects: | Biocompatibility, Three-dimensional printing, Cytotoxins, Thermoplastics, Physiology, In vitro studies, Orthodontic appliances |
| Abstract: | Background: Clear aligner therapy (CAT) is increasingly popular due to aesthetic and functional advantages. Recent advances allow direct 3D printing of aligners, raising questions about their cytotoxicity and biocompatibility under intraoral conditions. Objectives: To review and synthesize current evidence on the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of 3D-printed and thermoformable orthodontic aligners, and to identify factors affecting cellular responses. Eligibility criteria: Original research published from 2021 to 2026 evaluating the safety of orthodontic aligners; conference abstracts, editorials, and review papers were excluded. Sources of evidence: Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library; search terms "aligner" AND "biocompatibility"; last search conducted on 31 January 2026. Charting methods: Data on authors, publication year, material type, experimental model, cytotoxicity assessment (extraction solvent, incubation period, cell line, and cell exposure), and main results were extracted independently by two reviewers. Results: Fourteen in vitro studies were included, seven on thermoformable aligners and seven on directly 3D-printed aligners; no clinical trials were identified. Material composition, post-processing, and oral environmental factors influenced cytotoxicity. Some materials exhibited acceptable biocompatibility, whereas others showed varying cytotoxic effects, indicating inconsistencies across studies. Conclusions: Directly 3D-printed and thermoformable aligners show potential for safe intraoral use, but evidence is limited to in vitro studies. Further standardized in vitro and in vivo research is needed to reliably assess cytotoxicity and ensure patient safety before widespread clinical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 193715580 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Potential Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Aligners in the Oral Environment: A Scoping Review. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Laskowska%2C+Joanna%22">Laskowska, Joanna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paradowska-Stolarz%2C+Anna%22">Paradowska-Stolarz, Anna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> anna.paradowska-stolarz@umw.edu.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mikulewicz%2C+Marcin%22">Mikulewicz, Marcin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1774. 11p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biocompatibility%22">Biocompatibility</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cytotoxins%22">Cytotoxins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermoplastics%22">Thermoplastics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiology%22">Physiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22In+vitro+studies%22">In vitro studies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Orthodontic+appliances%22">Orthodontic appliances</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Background: Clear aligner therapy (CAT) is increasingly popular due to aesthetic and functional advantages. Recent advances allow direct 3D printing of aligners, raising questions about their cytotoxicity and biocompatibility under intraoral conditions. Objectives: To review and synthesize current evidence on the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of 3D-printed and thermoformable orthodontic aligners, and to identify factors affecting cellular responses. Eligibility criteria: Original research published from 2021 to 2026 evaluating the safety of orthodontic aligners; conference abstracts, editorials, and review papers were excluded. Sources of evidence: Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library; search terms "aligner" AND "biocompatibility"; last search conducted on 31 January 2026. Charting methods: Data on authors, publication year, material type, experimental model, cytotoxicity assessment (extraction solvent, incubation period, cell line, and cell exposure), and main results were extracted independently by two reviewers. Results: Fourteen in vitro studies were included, seven on thermoformable aligners and seven on directly 3D-printed aligners; no clinical trials were identified. Material composition, post-processing, and oral environmental factors influenced cytotoxicity. Some materials exhibited acceptable biocompatibility, whereas others showed varying cytotoxic effects, indicating inconsistencies across studies. Conclusions: Directly 3D-printed and thermoformable aligners show potential for safe intraoral use, but evidence is limited to in vitro studies. Further standardized in vitro and in vivo research is needed to reliably assess cytotoxicity and ensure patient safety before widespread clinical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/ma19091774 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 11 StartPage: 1774 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Biocompatibility Type: general – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing Type: general – SubjectFull: Cytotoxins Type: general – SubjectFull: Thermoplastics Type: general – SubjectFull: Physiology Type: general – SubjectFull: In vitro studies Type: general – SubjectFull: Orthodontic appliances Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Potential Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Aligners in the Oral Environment: A Scoping Review. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Laskowska, Joanna – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Paradowska-Stolarz, Anna – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Mikulewicz, Marcin IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 05 Text: May2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 19961944 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 19 – Type: issue Value: 9 Titles: – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
