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Coupled Effects of Elevated Water Pressure and Limestone Powder on Thaumasite Sulfate Attack in Cement Mortar.

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Title: Coupled Effects of Elevated Water Pressure and Limestone Powder on Thaumasite Sulfate Attack in Cement Mortar.
Authors: Li, Hao1 (AUTHOR), Han, Tao1 (AUTHOR) hantaocumt@163.com, Tan, Yingfeng1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Weihao1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1858. 24p.
Subjects: Hydrostatic pressure, Limestone, Corrosion engineering, Mortar, Sulfates, Compressive strength, Microstructure
Abstract: Thaumasite sulfate attack (TSA) under elevated water pressure has important implications for the durability of deep underground concrete structures, yet the deterioration process and the coupled effect of water pressure and carbonate supply remain insufficiently understood. In this study, laboratory pressurized sulfate exposure tests were conducted to investigate the evolution of macroscopic performance and microstructure of cement mortars with different limestone powder contents (0%, 15%, and 30%) under water pressures of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 MPa. The results show that elevated water pressure promotes sulfate ingress into the mortar and accelerates later-stage strength loss; this interpretation is supported by the depth-dependent distribution of soluble SO42− measured in mortars without limestone powder. Two-way ANOVA indicates that both water pressure and limestone powder content have significant effects on compressive strength, and their interaction becomes statistically significant at 120 d. XRD, FT-IR, and SEM/EDS results show that, under elevated water pressure and high limestone powder content, the corrosion products gradually evolve from gypsum-related products to ettringite- and thaumasite-related products, with a certain spatial differentiation. Specifically, the gray–white, mud-like surface products are consistent with thaumasite-rich assemblages, whereas the needle- and column-like crystals in the interior are consistent with ettringite-rich assemblages. Overall, elevated water pressure mainly promotes sulfate transport, while limestone powder mainly increases carbonate availability. These two factors may jointly intensify TSA deterioration in mortar through a pathway involving transport enhancement, carbonate supply, corrosion product evolution, and aggravated macroscopic damage. This study provides a reference for understanding the sulfate deterioration mechanism of limestone powder-containing cement-based materials in deep underground environments under elevated water pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Coupled Effects of Elevated Water Pressure and Limestone Powder on Thaumasite Sulfate Attack in Cement Mortar.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Hao%22">Li, Hao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Han%2C+Tao%22">Han, Tao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hantaocumt@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tan%2C+Yingfeng%22">Tan, Yingfeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Weihao%22">Yang, Weihao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1858. 24p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrostatic+pressure%22">Hydrostatic pressure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Limestone%22">Limestone</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Corrosion+engineering%22">Corrosion engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mortar%22">Mortar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sulfates%22">Sulfates</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Compressive+strength%22">Compressive strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Thaumasite sulfate attack (TSA) under elevated water pressure has important implications for the durability of deep underground concrete structures, yet the deterioration process and the coupled effect of water pressure and carbonate supply remain insufficiently understood. In this study, laboratory pressurized sulfate exposure tests were conducted to investigate the evolution of macroscopic performance and microstructure of cement mortars with different limestone powder contents (0%, 15%, and 30%) under water pressures of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 MPa. The results show that elevated water pressure promotes sulfate ingress into the mortar and accelerates later-stage strength loss; this interpretation is supported by the depth-dependent distribution of soluble SO42− measured in mortars without limestone powder. Two-way ANOVA indicates that both water pressure and limestone powder content have significant effects on compressive strength, and their interaction becomes statistically significant at 120 d. XRD, FT-IR, and SEM/EDS results show that, under elevated water pressure and high limestone powder content, the corrosion products gradually evolve from gypsum-related products to ettringite- and thaumasite-related products, with a certain spatial differentiation. Specifically, the gray–white, mud-like surface products are consistent with thaumasite-rich assemblages, whereas the needle- and column-like crystals in the interior are consistent with ettringite-rich assemblages. Overall, elevated water pressure mainly promotes sulfate transport, while limestone powder mainly increases carbonate availability. These two factors may jointly intensify TSA deterioration in mortar through a pathway involving transport enhancement, carbonate supply, corrosion product evolution, and aggravated macroscopic damage. This study provides a reference for understanding the sulfate deterioration mechanism of limestone powder-containing cement-based materials in deep underground environments under elevated water pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19091858
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 1858
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Hydrostatic pressure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Limestone
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Corrosion engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mortar
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sulfates
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Compressive strength
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Coupled Effects of Elevated Water Pressure and Limestone Powder on Thaumasite Sulfate Attack in Cement Mortar.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Li, Hao
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          Name:
            NameFull: Han, Tao
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            NameFull: Tan, Yingfeng
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            NameFull: Yang, Weihao
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – Type: issn-print
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 9
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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