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Microwave-Sintered Lunar Regolith Bricks for Lunar Infrastructure: Fracture Behavior, Tribological Performance, and Electromagnetic Wave Transmission.

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Title: Microwave-Sintered Lunar Regolith Bricks for Lunar Infrastructure: Fracture Behavior, Tribological Performance, and Electromagnetic Wave Transmission.
Authors: Zhu, Kelei1 (AUTHOR), Guo, Juntao1,2 (AUTHOR), Ning, Qiqi1 (AUTHOR), Han, Zhaobo1,2 (AUTHOR), Xu, Longxiang1,2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Zhen1,2 (AUTHOR), Gao, Bo1,2 (AUTHOR), Li, Jinping1,2 (AUTHOR) lijinping@hit.edu.cn
Source: Materials (1996-1944). May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1907. 15p.
Subjects: Microwave sintering, Construction materials, Abrasion resistance, Fracture mechanics, Dielectric measurements, Mechanical behavior of materials, Electromagnetic wave propagation
Abstract: Microwave-sintered lunar regolith bricks are promising candidates for in situ construction of lunar infrastructure, where structural load-bearing capacity and multifunctional performance are simultaneously required. Currently, there remains a research gap concerning the service performance of microwave-sintered lunar soil bricks under predictable load-bearing, wave-transparent, and friction working conditions. In this study, lunar bricks were fabricated at different microwave sintering temperatures, and the effects of temperature on their microstructure and engineering properties were systematically investigated. The sample sintered at 1000 °C achieved a density of 2.96 g/cm3 and a compressive strength of 260 MPa. Combined experimental observations and numerical simulations revealed a typical brittle fracture behavior, primarily governed by residual porosity within the material. Tribological tests showed a low wear rate of 6.51 × 10−5 mm3/(N·m), indicating good wear resistance and potential applicability for lunar road paving. Dielectric measurements in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) demonstrated a high electromagnetic wave transmittance ranging from 49.8% to 94.6%, suggesting suitability for communication-related or protective wall structures. These results demonstrate that microwave sintering effectively enhances the densification of lunar regolith while enabling the coordinated optimization of mechanical, tribological, and electromagnetic properties, providing practical guidance for the design of multifunctional materials for lunar infrastructure construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Microwave-Sintered Lunar Regolith Bricks for Lunar Infrastructure: Fracture Behavior, Tribological Performance, and Electromagnetic Wave Transmission.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Kelei%22">Zhu, Kelei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guo%2C+Juntao%22">Guo, Juntao</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ning%2C+Qiqi%22">Ning, Qiqi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Han%2C+Zhaobo%22">Han, Zhaobo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Longxiang%22">Xu, Longxiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Zhen%22">Liu, Zhen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gao%2C+Bo%22">Gao, Bo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Jinping%22">Li, Jinping</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lijinping@hit.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 19 Issue 9, p1907. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+sintering%22">Microwave sintering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Construction+materials%22">Construction materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Abrasion+resistance%22">Abrasion resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fracture+mechanics%22">Fracture mechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dielectric+measurements%22">Dielectric measurements</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electromagnetic+wave+propagation%22">Electromagnetic wave propagation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Microwave-sintered lunar regolith bricks are promising candidates for in situ construction of lunar infrastructure, where structural load-bearing capacity and multifunctional performance are simultaneously required. Currently, there remains a research gap concerning the service performance of microwave-sintered lunar soil bricks under predictable load-bearing, wave-transparent, and friction working conditions. In this study, lunar bricks were fabricated at different microwave sintering temperatures, and the effects of temperature on their microstructure and engineering properties were systematically investigated. The sample sintered at 1000 °C achieved a density of 2.96 g/cm3 and a compressive strength of 260 MPa. Combined experimental observations and numerical simulations revealed a typical brittle fracture behavior, primarily governed by residual porosity within the material. Tribological tests showed a low wear rate of 6.51 × 10−5 mm3/(N·m), indicating good wear resistance and potential applicability for lunar road paving. Dielectric measurements in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) demonstrated a high electromagnetic wave transmittance ranging from 49.8% to 94.6%, suggesting suitability for communication-related or protective wall structures. These results demonstrate that microwave sintering effectively enhances the densification of lunar regolith while enabling the coordinated optimization of mechanical, tribological, and electromagnetic properties, providing practical guidance for the design of multifunctional materials for lunar infrastructure construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19091907
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 1907
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      – SubjectFull: Microwave sintering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Construction materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Abrasion resistance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fracture mechanics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dielectric measurements
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electromagnetic wave propagation
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Microwave-Sintered Lunar Regolith Bricks for Lunar Infrastructure: Fracture Behavior, Tribological Performance, and Electromagnetic Wave Transmission.
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            NameFull: Zhu, Kelei
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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