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Rheological Characterisation and Processability Window of Denim-Derived Cellulose Solutions in NMMO for Fibre Spinning.

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Title: Rheological Characterisation and Processability Window of Denim-Derived Cellulose Solutions in NMMO for Fibre Spinning.
Authors: Bagherjeri, Mostafa Akhlaghi1 (AUTHOR), Namjoufar, Mehran1,2 (AUTHOR), Haque, Abu Naser Md Ahsanul1 (AUTHOR), Laghaei, Milad2 (AUTHOR), Naebe, Maryam1 (AUTHOR) maryam.naebe@deakin.edu.au
Source: Polymers (20734360). May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 9, p1094. 16p.
Subjects: Cellulose, Cellulose fibers, Viscosity, Solvents, Indigo, Temperature effect, Textile recycling, Rheology
Abstract: N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO monohydrate) is widely used for cellulose fibre production, as in the Lyocell process. However, fibre spinning from denim wastes remains significantly more complex due to its higher viscosity, the presence of indigo dye, and NMMO's temperature sensitivity. These factors together create serious challenges for denim dissolution and fibre regeneration. This study presents a comprehensive rheological and structural characterisation of regenerated cellulose fibres derived from waste denim dissolved in NMMO. Oscillatory and steady-state rheological tests were conducted across concentrations (4–8 wt%) and temperatures (60–90 °C) to determine optimal spinning conditions. A 6% denim/NMMO solution at 80 °C displayed the most favourable rheological balance within the investigated concentration window (4–8 wt%), moderate complex viscosity, well-defined viscoelastic transitions, and a Tan δ value (~0.94) consistent with stable jet formation in air-gap spinning. Steady shear tests confirmed strong shear-thinning behaviour and mechanical predictability, essential for spinneret extrusion. Thermal ramp experiments validated 80 °C as the upper safe limit, balancing flow processability with structural integrity while avoiding solidification or NMMO degradation. The identified rheological parameters fall within ranges reported for spinnable cellulose dopes in air-gap spinning systems, suggesting strong potential for fibre formation under controlled conditions. These findings establish a robust rheological framework for denim-derived cellulose in NMMO and provide a foundation for future investigations into controlled fibre spinning and process scale-up in sustainable textile recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Rheological Characterisation and Processability Window of Denim-Derived Cellulose Solutions in NMMO for Fibre Spinning.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bagherjeri%2C+Mostafa+Akhlaghi%22">Bagherjeri, Mostafa Akhlaghi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Namjoufar%2C+Mehran%22">Namjoufar, Mehran</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haque%2C+Abu+Naser+Md+Ahsanul%22">Haque, Abu Naser Md Ahsanul</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Laghaei%2C+Milad%22">Laghaei, Milad</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Naebe%2C+Maryam%22">Naebe, Maryam</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> maryam.naebe@deakin.edu.au</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 9, p1094. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cellulose%22">Cellulose</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cellulose+fibers%22">Cellulose fibers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Viscosity%22">Viscosity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solvents%22">Solvents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indigo%22">Indigo</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+effect%22">Temperature effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Textile+recycling%22">Textile recycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rheology%22">Rheology</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Group: Ab
  Data: N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO monohydrate) is widely used for cellulose fibre production, as in the Lyocell process. However, fibre spinning from denim wastes remains significantly more complex due to its higher viscosity, the presence of indigo dye, and NMMO's temperature sensitivity. These factors together create serious challenges for denim dissolution and fibre regeneration. This study presents a comprehensive rheological and structural characterisation of regenerated cellulose fibres derived from waste denim dissolved in NMMO. Oscillatory and steady-state rheological tests were conducted across concentrations (4–8 wt%) and temperatures (60–90 °C) to determine optimal spinning conditions. A 6% denim/NMMO solution at 80 °C displayed the most favourable rheological balance within the investigated concentration window (4–8 wt%), moderate complex viscosity, well-defined viscoelastic transitions, and a Tan δ value (~0.94) consistent with stable jet formation in air-gap spinning. Steady shear tests confirmed strong shear-thinning behaviour and mechanical predictability, essential for spinneret extrusion. Thermal ramp experiments validated 80 °C as the upper safe limit, balancing flow processability with structural integrity while avoiding solidification or NMMO degradation. The identified rheological parameters fall within ranges reported for spinnable cellulose dopes in air-gap spinning systems, suggesting strong potential for fibre formation under controlled conditions. These findings establish a robust rheological framework for denim-derived cellulose in NMMO and provide a foundation for future investigations into controlled fibre spinning and process scale-up in sustainable textile recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18091094
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1094
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Cellulose
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cellulose fibers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Viscosity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solvents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indigo
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Textile recycling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rheology
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Rheological Characterisation and Processability Window of Denim-Derived Cellulose Solutions in NMMO for Fibre Spinning.
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            NameFull: Bagherjeri, Mostafa Akhlaghi
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            NameFull: Namjoufar, Mehran
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            NameFull: Haque, Abu Naser Md Ahsanul
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            NameFull: Laghaei, Milad
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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