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Soil state evolution during vibrojet-assisted penetration in saturated sand.

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Title: Soil state evolution during vibrojet-assisted penetration in saturated sand.
Authors: Cengiz, Cihan1 (AUTHOR) cihan.cengiz@deltares.nl, van Verseveld, Charlotte2 (AUTHOR) c.vanverseveld@gbmworks.com, Rodríguez Piedrabuena, Alba1 (AUTHOR) alba.rodriguezpiedrabuena@deltares.nl, Kopuklu, Hakan2 (AUTHOR) h.kopuklu@gbmworks.com, Konstantinou, Maria1 (AUTHOR) maria.konstantinou@deltares.nl, Macaro, Giulia1 (AUTHOR) giulia.macaro@deltares.nl
Source: Ocean Engineering. Jun2026:Part 2, Vol. 359, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Porosity, Soil densification, Penetration mechanics, Building foundations, Soil dynamics, Sand
Abstract: Vibratory pile installation combined with internal water jetting (vibrojetting) is a lower-noise alternative to conventional impact driving for offshore monopiles. As this technique is only recently being explored for offshore applications, its influence on the surrounding soil state must be quantified to support engineering assessment and adoption. This study presents a controlled plane-strain laboratory investigation of vibrojet-assisted penetration in saturated sand, with specific emphasis on soil-state evolution outside the intruder. Tests were conducted in two sands of different mean grain size under varying jet flow levels. Installation response was monitored through synchronised measurements of acceleration, pore water pressure, penetration rate, and hook load. External soil-state changes were quantified using a concentration conductivity-based method (CCM), enabling direct time-resolved tracking of porosity evolution adjacent to the pile analogue. The results show that penetration behaviour is governed primarily by sand type and jetting level, with distinct penetration regimes identified. Increasing jetting levels systematically enhance penetration efficiency while reducing mobilised resistance at the intruder tip. Importantly, when jetting is confined within the pile analogue, no systematic peripheral degradation is observed. Instead, net densification occurs in the external soil domain, particularly in the finer sand. Soil loosening arises only under deliberate over-jetting conditions that allow hydraulic communication outside the intruder. These findings demonstrate that controlled internal jetting can modify toe resistance independently of external soil integrity. The results provide quantitative experimental evidence clarifying vibrojetting mechanics and its implications for offshore foundation installation. • Controlled vibrojetting quantified in 25 plane-strain tests. • External porosity tracked via conductivity-based sensing. • Internal jetting increases penetration in medium sand. • No systematic peripheral loosening under controlled jetting. • Resistance Index links pore pressure and soil reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ocean Engineering is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193807300
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Soil state evolution during vibrojet-assisted penetration in saturated sand.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cengiz%2C+Cihan%22">Cengiz, Cihan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> cihan.cengiz@deltares.nl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22van+Verseveld%2C+Charlotte%22">van Verseveld, Charlotte</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> c.vanverseveld@gbmworks.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rodríguez+Piedrabuena%2C+Alba%22">Rodríguez Piedrabuena, Alba</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> alba.rodriguezpiedrabuena@deltares.nl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kopuklu%2C+Hakan%22">Kopuklu, Hakan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> h.kopuklu@gbmworks.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Konstantinou%2C+Maria%22">Konstantinou, Maria</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> maria.konstantinou@deltares.nl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Macaro%2C+Giulia%22">Macaro, Giulia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> giulia.macaro@deltares.nl</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ocean+Engineering%22">Ocean Engineering</searchLink>. Jun2026:Part 2, Vol. 359, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Porosity%22">Porosity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+densification%22">Soil densification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Penetration+mechanics%22">Penetration mechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Building+foundations%22">Building foundations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+dynamics%22">Soil dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sand%22">Sand</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Vibratory pile installation combined with internal water jetting (vibrojetting) is a lower-noise alternative to conventional impact driving for offshore monopiles. As this technique is only recently being explored for offshore applications, its influence on the surrounding soil state must be quantified to support engineering assessment and adoption. This study presents a controlled plane-strain laboratory investigation of vibrojet-assisted penetration in saturated sand, with specific emphasis on soil-state evolution outside the intruder. Tests were conducted in two sands of different mean grain size under varying jet flow levels. Installation response was monitored through synchronised measurements of acceleration, pore water pressure, penetration rate, and hook load. External soil-state changes were quantified using a concentration conductivity-based method (CCM), enabling direct time-resolved tracking of porosity evolution adjacent to the pile analogue. The results show that penetration behaviour is governed primarily by sand type and jetting level, with distinct penetration regimes identified. Increasing jetting levels systematically enhance penetration efficiency while reducing mobilised resistance at the intruder tip. Importantly, when jetting is confined within the pile analogue, no systematic peripheral degradation is observed. Instead, net densification occurs in the external soil domain, particularly in the finer sand. Soil loosening arises only under deliberate over-jetting conditions that allow hydraulic communication outside the intruder. These findings demonstrate that controlled internal jetting can modify toe resistance independently of external soil integrity. The results provide quantitative experimental evidence clarifying vibrojetting mechanics and its implications for offshore foundation installation. • Controlled vibrojetting quantified in 25 plane-strain tests. • External porosity tracked via conductivity-based sensing. • Internal jetting increases penetration in medium sand. • No systematic peripheral loosening under controlled jetting. • Resistance Index links pore pressure and soil reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ocean Engineering is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125971
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Porosity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil densification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Penetration mechanics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Building foundations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sand
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Soil state evolution during vibrojet-assisted penetration in saturated sand.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Cengiz, Cihan
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            NameFull: van Verseveld, Charlotte
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            NameFull: Rodríguez Piedrabuena, Alba
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            NameFull: Kopuklu, Hakan
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            NameFull: Konstantinou, Maria
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          Dates:
            – D: 30
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026:Part 2
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 00298018
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              Value: 359
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            – TitleFull: Ocean Engineering
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