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Precipitation and evolution of carbides in Fe-Cr-Al alloys under heat treatments.

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Title: Precipitation and evolution of carbides in Fe-Cr-Al alloys under heat treatments.
Authors: Meng, Han1 (AUTHOR), Tao, Ke1,2 (AUTHOR), Cao, Lei1 (AUTHOR), Li, Gang2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Guocheng1,3 (AUTHOR) wang_guocheng@163.com
Source: Metallurgical Research & Technology. 2026, Vol. 123 Issue 3, p1-20. 20p.
Subjects: Carbides, Precipitation (Chemistry), Yttrium compounds, Titanium carbide, Heat treatment, Thermodynamics, Chromium iron alloys, Zirconium carbide
Abstract: This study systematically investigates the precipitation and evolution behaviors of TiC, ZrC, and YC2 carbides in FeCrAl alloys through heat treatments at 600, 900, and 1200 °C, combined with thermodynamic calculations, growth kinetics modeling, and dissolution simulations. The results show that the precipitation of the three carbides exhibits strong temperature dependence: TiC and ZrC are the dominant phases in the as-received alloy; after heat treatment at 600 and 900 °C, YC2 becomes the main precipitated phase; at 1200 °C, TiC and ZrC re-precipitate extensively, forming fine TiC nanoparticles and irregular ZrC–YC2 composite structures. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that all three carbides satisfy the liquid-phase precipitation conditions within the carbon range of 0.005–0.05 wt.%, among which YC2 shows the strongest precipitation tendency. Competitive stability calculations reveal that TiC exhibits the highest thermodynamic stability at elevated temperatures, followed by ZrC, whereas YC2 remains stable mainly at lower temperatures. Growth kinetics results show that carbide size increases with carbon content, with YC2 exhibiting the largest growth, followed by TiC, while ZrC grows the least. According to the LSW theoretical prediction, the coarsening of the three carbides is minimal within 600–1200 °C, and the sizes of TiC and YC2 remain nearly unchanged. Dissolution simulations further demonstrate a strong temperature sensitivity: at 1200 °C, the dissolution time of 5 μm carbides is significantly reduced, with TiC, ZrC, and YC2 requiring 125.47, 233.47, and 229.40 s, respectively, whereas at 600 and 900 °C, the dissolution time increases sharply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Metallurgical Research & Technology is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Precipitation and evolution of carbides in Fe-Cr-Al alloys under heat treatments.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Meng%2C+Han%22">Meng, Han</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tao%2C+Ke%22">Tao, Ke</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cao%2C+Lei%22">Cao, Lei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Gang%22">Li, Gang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Guocheng%22">Wang, Guocheng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wang_guocheng@163.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Metallurgical+Research+%26+Technology%22">Metallurgical Research & Technology</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 123 Issue 3, p1-20. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbides%22">Carbides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Precipitation+%28Chemistry%29%22">Precipitation (Chemistry)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Yttrium+compounds%22">Yttrium compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+carbide%22">Titanium carbide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+treatment%22">Heat treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamics%22">Thermodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chromium+iron+alloys%22">Chromium iron alloys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Zirconium+carbide%22">Zirconium carbide</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study systematically investigates the precipitation and evolution behaviors of TiC, ZrC, and YC2 carbides in FeCrAl alloys through heat treatments at 600, 900, and 1200 °C, combined with thermodynamic calculations, growth kinetics modeling, and dissolution simulations. The results show that the precipitation of the three carbides exhibits strong temperature dependence: TiC and ZrC are the dominant phases in the as-received alloy; after heat treatment at 600 and 900 °C, YC2 becomes the main precipitated phase; at 1200 °C, TiC and ZrC re-precipitate extensively, forming fine TiC nanoparticles and irregular ZrC–YC2 composite structures. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that all three carbides satisfy the liquid-phase precipitation conditions within the carbon range of 0.005–0.05 wt.%, among which YC2 shows the strongest precipitation tendency. Competitive stability calculations reveal that TiC exhibits the highest thermodynamic stability at elevated temperatures, followed by ZrC, whereas YC2 remains stable mainly at lower temperatures. Growth kinetics results show that carbide size increases with carbon content, with YC2 exhibiting the largest growth, followed by TiC, while ZrC grows the least. According to the LSW theoretical prediction, the coarsening of the three carbides is minimal within 600–1200 °C, and the sizes of TiC and YC2 remain nearly unchanged. Dissolution simulations further demonstrate a strong temperature sensitivity: at 1200 °C, the dissolution time of 5 μm carbides is significantly reduced, with TiC, ZrC, and YC2 requiring 125.47, 233.47, and 229.40 s, respectively, whereas at 600 and 900 °C, the dissolution time increases sharply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Metallurgical Research & Technology is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1051/metal/2026029
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Carbides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Precipitation (Chemistry)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Yttrium compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Titanium carbide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chromium iron alloys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Zirconium carbide
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Precipitation and evolution of carbides in Fe-Cr-Al alloys under heat treatments.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Meng, Han
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            NameFull: Tao, Ke
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            NameFull: Cao, Lei
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            NameFull: Li, Gang
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 22713646
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              Value: 123
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