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Can privacy technologies replace cookies? Ad revenue in a field experiment.

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Title: Can privacy technologies replace cookies? Ad revenue in a field experiment.
Authors: Gu, Zhengrong1, Johnson, Garrett A.1 garjoh@bu.edu, Kobayashi, Shunto J.1
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 5/12/2026, Vol. 123 Issue 19, p1-6. 6p.
Subjects: Advertising revenue, Cookies (Computer science), Google Chrome (Computer software), Great Britain. Competition & Markets Authority, Privacy, Field research, Advertising, Internet advertising, Alphabet Inc.
Abstract: Digital advertising finances much of the open web, yet relies on tracking technologies that regulators increasingly seek to restrict. In response, industry has developed privacy-enhancing technologies intended to preserve advertising performance while limiting data collection, but their economic effects remain largely untested. We study this question using an open, industry-wide field experiment jointly overseen by Google and the UK Competition and Markets Authority, in which Chrome users were randomly assigned to browse with third-party cookies enabled, with cookies disabled, or with Google’s Privacy Sandbox replacing cookies. Combining this experimental variation with proprietary data from a major ad management firm, we analyze more than 200 million ad impressions across over 5,000 publishers worldwide. Removing third-party cookies reduces publisher advertising revenue by 29.1%. Privacy Sandbox recovers only 4.2% of this lost revenue; this estimate reflects observed adoption and performance during the study period and may reflect modest industry adoption. Privacy-preserving auctions also increase ad latency, reducing impression delivery and further limiting revenue performance. Together, these findings provide a large-scale experimental benchmark for evaluating privacy-preserving reforms and demonstrate the difficulty of reconciling privacy protection with the economics of online content provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America is the property of National Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Advertising+revenue%22">Advertising revenue</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cookies+%28Computer+science%29%22">Cookies (Computer science)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Google+Chrome+%28Computer+software%29%22">Google Chrome (Computer software)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Great+Britain%2E+Competition+%26+Markets+Authority%22">Great Britain. Competition & Markets Authority</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Privacy%22">Privacy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Field+research%22">Field research</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Advertising%22">Advertising</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Internet+advertising%22">Internet advertising</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alphabet+Inc%2E%22">Alphabet Inc.</searchLink>
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  Data: Digital advertising finances much of the open web, yet relies on tracking technologies that regulators increasingly seek to restrict. In response, industry has developed privacy-enhancing technologies intended to preserve advertising performance while limiting data collection, but their economic effects remain largely untested. We study this question using an open, industry-wide field experiment jointly overseen by Google and the UK Competition and Markets Authority, in which Chrome users were randomly assigned to browse with third-party cookies enabled, with cookies disabled, or with Google’s Privacy Sandbox replacing cookies. Combining this experimental variation with proprietary data from a major ad management firm, we analyze more than 200 million ad impressions across over 5,000 publishers worldwide. Removing third-party cookies reduces publisher advertising revenue by 29.1%. Privacy Sandbox recovers only 4.2% of this lost revenue; this estimate reflects observed adoption and performance during the study period and may reflect modest industry adoption. Privacy-preserving auctions also increase ad latency, reducing impression delivery and further limiting revenue performance. Together, these findings provide a large-scale experimental benchmark for evaluating privacy-preserving reforms and demonstrate the difficulty of reconciling privacy protection with the economics of online content provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America is the property of National Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=193988593
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        Value: 10.1073/pnas.2603752123
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Cookies (Computer science)
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      – SubjectFull: Google Chrome (Computer software)
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      – SubjectFull: Great Britain. Competition & Markets Authority
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      – SubjectFull: Privacy
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      – SubjectFull: Advertising
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      – SubjectFull: Internet advertising
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      – SubjectFull: Alphabet Inc.
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      – TitleFull: Can privacy technologies replace cookies? Ad revenue in a field experiment.
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              Text: 5/12/2026
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