Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of Synchronous Grouting for Shield Tunnels in Cavity‐Containing Strata.
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| Title: | Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of Synchronous Grouting for Shield Tunnels in Cavity‐Containing Strata. |
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| Authors: | Yang, Xiaoliang1 (AUTHOR), Feng, Kun2,3 (AUTHOR) windfeng813@163.com, Shan, Yi (AUTHOR) yshan@gzhu.edu.cn |
| Source: | Advances in Civil Engineering. 5/24/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-14. 14p. |
| Subjects: | Grouting, Grout (Mortar), Computational fluid dynamics, Flow velocity, Tunnels |
| Abstract: | In water‐rich strata containing cavities, flowing water washout presents a significant challenge for synchronous grouting in shield tunnels. This washout compromises the filling efficacy of the shield tail void and the cavities behind the lining. Consequently, it can trigger severe engineering risks such as ground settlement. To address this issue, a dynamic CFD simulation was employed. The study evaluated the effects of grout material parameters, construction parameters, and flow velocity on both grout diffusion and antiwashout performance. The results indicate that cavities act as high‐permeability channels. These channels reduce diffusion resistance and expand the grout–soil contact area. As a result, the volume and distance of grout diffusion into the stratum significantly exceed those observed in cavity‐free conditions. Furthermore, grout diffusion morphology and retention capacity under flowing water are governed nonlinearly by the W/B and Ben/W ratios. The influence of B/S and C/F, however, remains negligible. Increasing the W/B ratio enhances the grouting volume and diffusion range, but it compromises antiwashout performance due to reduced viscosity. In contrast, the Ben/W ratio effectively mitigates ineffective grout dissipation through its swelling and thickening effects. This ratio serves as the most sensitive parameter for controlling washout in flowing water. Regarding construction parameters, elevated grouting pressure promotes permeation and compensates for energy dissipation caused by flowing water. Extending the shield tail void formation time improves diffusion by prolonging infiltration. However, this optimization effect is secondary to that of grouting pressure. Finally, continuous shear scouring by flowing water induces significant boundary shrinkage and mass loss on the upstream side of the grout. When the flow velocity exceeds 0.40 cm/s, both diffusion and filling loss rates surge, indicating a structural failure of the grout skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Advances in Civil Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 194009438 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of Synchronous Grouting for Shield Tunnels in Cavity‐Containing Strata. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Xiaoliang%22">Yang, Xiaoliang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Feng%2C+Kun%22">Feng, Kun</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> windfeng813@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shan%2C+Yi%22">Shan, Yi</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<i> yshan@gzhu.edu.cn</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Advances+in+Civil+Engineering%22">Advances in Civil Engineering</searchLink>. 5/24/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-14. 14p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grouting%22">Grouting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grout+%28Mortar%29%22">Grout (Mortar)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computational+fluid+dynamics%22">Computational fluid dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+velocity%22">Flow velocity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tunnels%22">Tunnels</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: In water‐rich strata containing cavities, flowing water washout presents a significant challenge for synchronous grouting in shield tunnels. This washout compromises the filling efficacy of the shield tail void and the cavities behind the lining. Consequently, it can trigger severe engineering risks such as ground settlement. To address this issue, a dynamic CFD simulation was employed. The study evaluated the effects of grout material parameters, construction parameters, and flow velocity on both grout diffusion and antiwashout performance. The results indicate that cavities act as high‐permeability channels. These channels reduce diffusion resistance and expand the grout–soil contact area. As a result, the volume and distance of grout diffusion into the stratum significantly exceed those observed in cavity‐free conditions. Furthermore, grout diffusion morphology and retention capacity under flowing water are governed nonlinearly by the W/B and Ben/W ratios. The influence of B/S and C/F, however, remains negligible. Increasing the W/B ratio enhances the grouting volume and diffusion range, but it compromises antiwashout performance due to reduced viscosity. In contrast, the Ben/W ratio effectively mitigates ineffective grout dissipation through its swelling and thickening effects. This ratio serves as the most sensitive parameter for controlling washout in flowing water. Regarding construction parameters, elevated grouting pressure promotes permeation and compensates for energy dissipation caused by flowing water. Extending the shield tail void formation time improves diffusion by prolonging infiltration. However, this optimization effect is secondary to that of grouting pressure. Finally, continuous shear scouring by flowing water induces significant boundary shrinkage and mass loss on the upstream side of the grout. When the flow velocity exceeds 0.40 cm/s, both diffusion and filling loss rates surge, indicating a structural failure of the grout skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Advances in Civil Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1155/adce/2958491 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 14 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Grouting Type: general – SubjectFull: Grout (Mortar) Type: general – SubjectFull: Computational fluid dynamics Type: general – SubjectFull: Flow velocity Type: general – SubjectFull: Tunnels Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of Synchronous Grouting for Shield Tunnels in Cavity‐Containing Strata. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Yang, Xiaoliang – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Feng, Kun – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Shan, Yi IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 24 M: 05 Text: 5/24/2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 16878086 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 2026 Titles: – TitleFull: Advances in Civil Engineering Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
