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Ocean Wave Modulation of Offshore Wind Turbine Loads and Wake.

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Title: Ocean Wave Modulation of Offshore Wind Turbine Loads and Wake.
Authors: Campaña‐Alonso, Guillén1,2 (AUTHOR) guillen.calonso@alumnos.upm.es, Méndez‐López, Beatriz2 (AUTHOR), Ferrer, Esteban1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Wind Energy. Jun2026, Vol. 29 Issue 6, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Structural dynamics, Wind waves, Computer simulation, Aerodynamics, Computational fluid dynamics, Offshore wind power plants
Abstract: This study examines how wave‐induced modulation affects the operational performance and structural dynamics of fixed‐bottom offshore wind turbines operating under a neutral atmospheric boundary layer profile. To capture these effects accurately while maintaining computational efficiency, unsteady RANS modelling techniques are employed. An actuator line method (ALM) is used to simulate the rotating blades, while a volume of fluid is used to generate the air–water interface and waves and to capture wake development. A 10‐MW wind turbine case study has been selected to study the impact of wave‐induced modulation on loads and wakes. Wake analysis reveals that wave modulation affects its development, resulting in a higher wake deficit and slower recovery. Specifically, four diameters downstream, the interaction leads to a 1.2% increase in wake deficit, with local increases up to 3.6% near the blade tips. These effects correspond to an average difference in wake deficit of 2.48% when wave modulation is taken into account and a consequent reduction in power of approximately 1%. In addition to wake effects, wave modulation leads to increased standard deviations across key aerodynamic variables, including blade loads and angle of attack, with the most pronounced changes occurring in the lower rotor area. The damage equivalent load (DEL) increases by 4% or up to 8% in the absence of the tower‐shadow effect. The ALM proves to be capable of capturing these interactions, suggesting its effectiveness in modelling realistic offshore conditions. These findings emphasise the importance of accounting for wave‐induced modulation in offshore wind turbine design and operation and suggest directions for future research, including wind‐wave misalignment and floating turbine configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Wind Energy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Ocean Wave Modulation of Offshore Wind Turbine Loads and Wake.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Wind+Energy%22">Wind Energy</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 29 Issue 6, p1-17. 17p.
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  Group: Ab
  Data: This study examines how wave‐induced modulation affects the operational performance and structural dynamics of fixed‐bottom offshore wind turbines operating under a neutral atmospheric boundary layer profile. To capture these effects accurately while maintaining computational efficiency, unsteady RANS modelling techniques are employed. An actuator line method (ALM) is used to simulate the rotating blades, while a volume of fluid is used to generate the air–water interface and waves and to capture wake development. A 10‐MW wind turbine case study has been selected to study the impact of wave‐induced modulation on loads and wakes. Wake analysis reveals that wave modulation affects its development, resulting in a higher wake deficit and slower recovery. Specifically, four diameters downstream, the interaction leads to a 1.2% increase in wake deficit, with local increases up to 3.6% near the blade tips. These effects correspond to an average difference in wake deficit of 2.48% when wave modulation is taken into account and a consequent reduction in power of approximately 1%. In addition to wake effects, wave modulation leads to increased standard deviations across key aerodynamic variables, including blade loads and angle of attack, with the most pronounced changes occurring in the lower rotor area. The damage equivalent load (DEL) increases by 4% or up to 8% in the absence of the tower‐shadow effect. The ALM proves to be capable of capturing these interactions, suggesting its effectiveness in modelling realistic offshore conditions. These findings emphasise the importance of accounting for wave‐induced modulation in offshore wind turbine design and operation and suggest directions for future research, including wind‐wave misalignment and floating turbine configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Wind Energy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/we.70112
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
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      – SubjectFull: Structural dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wind waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aerodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computational fluid dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Offshore wind power plants
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Ocean Wave Modulation of Offshore Wind Turbine Loads and Wake.
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            NameFull: Campaña‐Alonso, Guillén
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          Name:
            NameFull: Méndez‐López, Beatriz
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ferrer, Esteban
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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