HALOBATES: An Autonomous Surface Vehicle for High-Resolution Mapping of the Sea Surface Microlayer and Near-Surface Layer on Essential Climate Variables.
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| Title: | HALOBATES: An Autonomous Surface Vehicle for High-Resolution Mapping of the Sea Surface Microlayer and Near-Surface Layer on Essential Climate Variables. |
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| Authors: | Wurl, Oliver1 (AUTHOR) oliver.wurl@uni-oldenburg.de, Gassen, Lisa1 (AUTHOR), Badewien, Thomas H.1 (AUTHOR), Braun, Axel1 (AUTHOR), Emig, Sven1 (AUTHOR), Holthusen, Lina A.1 (AUTHOR), Lehners, Carola1 (AUTHOR), Meyerjürgens, Jens1 (AUTHOR), Ribas, Mariana Ribas1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology. Dec2024, Vol. 41 Issue 12, p1197-1211. 15p. |
| Subjects: | Sea surface microlayer, Salinity, Boats & boating, Climatology, Environmental mapping, Ocean-atmosphere interaction |
| Abstract: | Essential climate variables (ECVs) are physical, chemical, or biological parameters supporting the characterization of the climate system. The oceanic ECVs temperature and salinity have been defined for the sea surface (upper 1 mm) and bulk water (upper 2 m). Direct observation and sampling of the sea surface from ships and buoys are limited due to the potential loss of integrity of the sea surface and contamination by the research platform. The design, development, and operation of a research vehicle with autonomous capabilities based on commercially available components are described in this study. The autonomous operation and fully automated sampling enable high-resolution mapping of the sea surface microlayer (SML), i.e., the upper < 1-mm layer and the near-surface layer (<1.2 m). Sampling the SML is based on a rotating glass disk sampler. The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES has been equipped with multiple conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) sensors in a flow-through system to measure both sea surface and bulk temperature and salinity. The performance of the autopilot under various scenarios is demonstrated. Typical anomalies of ECVs within the SML and near-surface layer are evident and forced by both atmospheric and oceanic processes. Data analyses reveal HALOBATES' ability to resolve thermohaline structure on different spatial and temporal scales, for example, small-scale freshwater lenses and thermohaline changes across oceanic fronts. The integration of an acoustic Doppler current profiler supports the interpretation of thermohaline structures. HALOBATES is a platform with cutting-edge technology for understanding climate-related processes between the ocean and atmosphere and providing high-resolution sea surface data for validating satellite products of ECVs. Significance Statement: An autonomous surface vehicle was developed to address the challenges in the in situ measurement of essential climate variables at the sea surface (upper 1 mm) and near-surface layer (upper 1 m) of the ocean. Autonomous operation for up to 12 h and fully automated sampling enable high-resolution mapping of the sea surface and near-surface layers. The ability of the vehicle to resolve thermohaline structures at various spatial and temporal scales is demonstrated, providing valuable data on freshwater fluxes (evaporation minus precipitation) between the ocean and the atmosphere. This cutting-edge technology enhances the understanding of climate-related processes, offering crucial "sea surface data" for validating satellite products of essential climate variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 194029349 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: HALOBATES: An Autonomous Surface Vehicle for High-Resolution Mapping of the Sea Surface Microlayer and Near-Surface Layer on Essential Climate Variables. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wurl%2C+Oliver%22">Wurl, Oliver</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> oliver.wurl@uni-oldenburg.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gassen%2C+Lisa%22">Gassen, Lisa</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Badewien%2C+Thomas+H%2E%22">Badewien, Thomas H.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Braun%2C+Axel%22">Braun, Axel</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Emig%2C+Sven%22">Emig, Sven</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Holthusen%2C+Lina+A%2E%22">Holthusen, Lina A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lehners%2C+Carola%22">Lehners, Carola</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Meyerjürgens%2C+Jens%22">Meyerjürgens, Jens</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ribas%2C+Mariana+Ribas%22">Ribas, Mariana Ribas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Atmospheric+%26+Oceanic+Technology%22">Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology</searchLink>. Dec2024, Vol. 41 Issue 12, p1197-1211. 15p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sea+surface+microlayer%22">Sea surface microlayer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Salinity%22">Salinity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Boats+%26+boating%22">Boats & boating</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Climatology%22">Climatology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+mapping%22">Environmental mapping</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean-atmosphere+interaction%22">Ocean-atmosphere interaction</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Essential climate variables (ECVs) are physical, chemical, or biological parameters supporting the characterization of the climate system. The oceanic ECVs temperature and salinity have been defined for the sea surface (upper 1 mm) and bulk water (upper 2 m). Direct observation and sampling of the sea surface from ships and buoys are limited due to the potential loss of integrity of the sea surface and contamination by the research platform. The design, development, and operation of a research vehicle with autonomous capabilities based on commercially available components are described in this study. The autonomous operation and fully automated sampling enable high-resolution mapping of the sea surface microlayer (SML), i.e., the upper < 1-mm layer and the near-surface layer (<1.2 m). Sampling the SML is based on a rotating glass disk sampler. The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES has been equipped with multiple conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) sensors in a flow-through system to measure both sea surface and bulk temperature and salinity. The performance of the autopilot under various scenarios is demonstrated. Typical anomalies of ECVs within the SML and near-surface layer are evident and forced by both atmospheric and oceanic processes. Data analyses reveal HALOBATES' ability to resolve thermohaline structure on different spatial and temporal scales, for example, small-scale freshwater lenses and thermohaline changes across oceanic fronts. The integration of an acoustic Doppler current profiler supports the interpretation of thermohaline structures. HALOBATES is a platform with cutting-edge technology for understanding climate-related processes between the ocean and atmosphere and providing high-resolution sea surface data for validating satellite products of ECVs. Significance Statement: An autonomous surface vehicle was developed to address the challenges in the in situ measurement of essential climate variables at the sea surface (upper 1 mm) and near-surface layer (upper 1 m) of the ocean. Autonomous operation for up to 12 h and fully automated sampling enable high-resolution mapping of the sea surface and near-surface layers. The ability of the vehicle to resolve thermohaline structures at various spatial and temporal scales is demonstrated, providing valuable data on freshwater fluxes (evaporation minus precipitation) between the ocean and the atmosphere. This cutting-edge technology enhances the understanding of climate-related processes, offering crucial "sea surface data" for validating satellite products of essential climate variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1175/JTECH-D-24-0021.1 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 15 StartPage: 1197 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Sea surface microlayer Type: general – SubjectFull: Salinity Type: general – SubjectFull: Boats & boating Type: general – SubjectFull: Climatology Type: general – SubjectFull: Environmental mapping Type: general – SubjectFull: Ocean-atmosphere interaction Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: HALOBATES: An Autonomous Surface Vehicle for High-Resolution Mapping of the Sea Surface Microlayer and Near-Surface Layer on Essential Climate Variables. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Wurl, Oliver – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Gassen, Lisa – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Badewien, Thomas H. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Braun, Axel – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Emig, Sven – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Holthusen, Lina A. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Lehners, Carola – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Meyerjürgens, Jens – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ribas, Mariana Ribas IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 12 Text: Dec2024 Type: published Y: 2024 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 07390572 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 41 – Type: issue Value: 12 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology Type: main |
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