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Research on LVDT signal conditioning circuit design and nonlinear correction.

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Title: Research on LVDT signal conditioning circuit design and nonlinear correction.
Authors: Wang, Yong1 (AUTHOR) wy_521@dlmu.edu.cn, He, Xin1 (AUTHOR) he2023@dlmu.edu.cn, Jing, Fengning1 (AUTHOR) fengning91214@dlmu.edu.cn
Source: Sensor Review. 2026, Vol. 46 Issue 4, p539-556. 18p.
Subjects: Differential transformers, Electronic circuit design, Calibration, Displacement (Mechanics), Optimization algorithms, Signal processing, Recurrent neural networks, Phase detectors
Abstract: Purpose: This paper aims to propose a signal conditioning circuit design and nonlinear correction method for a linear differential transformer (LVDT) displacement sensor, aiming to achieve high-precision signal extraction and solve the nonlinear problem of its output signal. Design/methodology/approach: The circuit generates a reference signal based on the principle of two-phase orthogonal vector lock-in amplification, and extracts the signal phase difference by combining low-noise amplification, bandpass filtering and phase sensitive detection. Aiming at the nonlinear characteristics of LVDT, an improved Harris hawk optimization (IHHO) algorithm is proposed to optimize the calibration method of Elman neural network (IHHO-Elman). Findings: The experiment shows that the designed circuit structure is simple, does not require phase difference prediction and can extract signals with high accuracy. The IHHO-Elman network outperforms the standard Elman and HHO-Elman networks in terms of convergence speed, average error and error percentage, effectively solving nonlinear problems. Originality/value: Innovatively combines lock-in amplification technology with IHHO-Elman neural network to provide a new hardware simplified and performance optimized solution for LVDT sensor signal conditioning and nonlinear correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Sensor Review is the property of Emerald Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194053549
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Research on LVDT signal conditioning circuit design and nonlinear correction.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Yong%22">Wang, Yong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wy_521@dlmu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Xin%22">He, Xin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> he2023@dlmu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jing%2C+Fengning%22">Jing, Fengning</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> fengning91214@dlmu.edu.cn</i>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Sensor+Review%22">Sensor Review</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 46 Issue 4, p539-556. 18p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Differential+transformers%22">Differential transformers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+circuit+design%22">Electronic circuit design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calibration%22">Calibration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Displacement+%28Mechanics%29%22">Displacement (Mechanics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optimization+algorithms%22">Optimization algorithms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+processing%22">Signal processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Recurrent+neural+networks%22">Recurrent neural networks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+detectors%22">Phase detectors</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: This paper aims to propose a signal conditioning circuit design and nonlinear correction method for a linear differential transformer (LVDT) displacement sensor, aiming to achieve high-precision signal extraction and solve the nonlinear problem of its output signal. Design/methodology/approach: The circuit generates a reference signal based on the principle of two-phase orthogonal vector lock-in amplification, and extracts the signal phase difference by combining low-noise amplification, bandpass filtering and phase sensitive detection. Aiming at the nonlinear characteristics of LVDT, an improved Harris hawk optimization (IHHO) algorithm is proposed to optimize the calibration method of Elman neural network (IHHO-Elman). Findings: The experiment shows that the designed circuit structure is simple, does not require phase difference prediction and can extract signals with high accuracy. The IHHO-Elman network outperforms the standard Elman and HHO-Elman networks in terms of convergence speed, average error and error percentage, effectively solving nonlinear problems. Originality/value: Innovatively combines lock-in amplification technology with IHHO-Elman neural network to provide a new hardware simplified and performance optimized solution for LVDT sensor signal conditioning and nonlinear correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Sensor Review is the property of Emerald Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=194053549
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 539
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Differential transformers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electronic circuit design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calibration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Displacement (Mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optimization algorithms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal processing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Recurrent neural networks
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase detectors
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Research on LVDT signal conditioning circuit design and nonlinear correction.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wang, Yong
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: He, Xin
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Jing, Fengning
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 02602288
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 46
            – Type: issue
              Value: 4
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Sensor Review
              Type: main
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