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Multi-Index assessment of trace metal and organic pollution in sediments of Persian Gulf Salt evaporation ponds: toxic and health risk insights.

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Title: Multi-Index assessment of trace metal and organic pollution in sediments of Persian Gulf Salt evaporation ponds: toxic and health risk insights.
Authors: Kianersi, Farahnaz1 (AUTHOR), Shirmohammadi, Mehrnaz1 (AUTHOR) Mehrnaz.Shirmohammadi@gmail.com, Owfi, Fereidoon2 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. Jun2026, Vol. 106 Issue 7, p1766-1784. 19p.
Subjects: Contaminated sediments, Ecological risk assessment, Heavy metal toxicology, Pollution, Aquatic ecology, Risk exposure, Bodies of water, Industrial pollution
Geographic Terms: Persian Gulf
Abstract: Salt evaporation ponds in the Persian Gulf, vital for ecotourism, face trace metal (TM) and organic pollution from industrial and natural sources. This study evaluated sediment contamination near industrial zones, assessing ecological and human health risks. Eighty-four sediment samples were collected from pond inlets to interior zones. Sediments showed elevated TM levels, with concentrations following the pattern Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb, where Cr, Ni, and Cu exceeded threshold effect levels, indicating industrial inputs. The enrichment factor indicated moderate pollution for Cr and Ni, while the Geo-accumulation Index suggested slight contamination across the region. Toxic risk indices suggested low risks. Human health assessments indicated hazard quotients and hazard index below 1 for adults, suggesting negligible non-carcinogenic risks, but a Total Hazard Index of 1.26 for children indicated low but notable risk. Positive correlations between metals, total organic carbon (4.86–8.54%), total nitrogen (0.08–0.15%), and silt (61–76%) suggested adsorption as a retention mechanism. Low TN/TOC ratios confirmed marine-derived organic matter. Organic pollution indices classified sites as moderately-to-heavily polluted. Despite low immediate risks, elevated Cr, Cu, Ni, and organic enrichment threaten ecosystem health, necessitating improved wastewater treatment and remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194058781
AccessLevel: 6
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Multi-Index assessment of trace metal and organic pollution in sediments of Persian Gulf Salt evaporation ponds: toxic and health risk insights.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kianersi%2C+Farahnaz%22">Kianersi, Farahnaz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shirmohammadi%2C+Mehrnaz%22">Shirmohammadi, Mehrnaz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> Mehrnaz.Shirmohammadi@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Owfi%2C+Fereidoon%22">Owfi, Fereidoon</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Environmental+Analytical+Chemistry%22">International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 106 Issue 7, p1766-1784. 19p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Contaminated+sediments%22">Contaminated sediments</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ecological+risk+assessment%22">Ecological risk assessment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heavy+metal+toxicology%22">Heavy metal toxicology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pollution%22">Pollution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aquatic+ecology%22">Aquatic ecology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Risk+exposure%22">Risk exposure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bodies+of+water%22">Bodies of water</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+pollution%22">Industrial pollution</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Persian+Gulf%22">Persian Gulf</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Salt evaporation ponds in the Persian Gulf, vital for ecotourism, face trace metal (TM) and organic pollution from industrial and natural sources. This study evaluated sediment contamination near industrial zones, assessing ecological and human health risks. Eighty-four sediment samples were collected from pond inlets to interior zones. Sediments showed elevated TM levels, with concentrations following the pattern Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb, where Cr, Ni, and Cu exceeded threshold effect levels, indicating industrial inputs. The enrichment factor indicated moderate pollution for Cr and Ni, while the Geo-accumulation Index suggested slight contamination across the region. Toxic risk indices suggested low risks. Human health assessments indicated hazard quotients and hazard index below 1 for adults, suggesting negligible non-carcinogenic risks, but a Total Hazard Index of 1.26 for children indicated low but notable risk. Positive correlations between metals, total organic carbon (4.86–8.54%), total nitrogen (0.08–0.15%), and silt (61–76%) suggested adsorption as a retention mechanism. Low TN/TOC ratios confirmed marine-derived organic matter. Organic pollution indices classified sites as moderately-to-heavily polluted. Despite low immediate risks, elevated Cr, Cu, Ni, and organic enrichment threaten ecosystem health, necessitating improved wastewater treatment and remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/03067319.2025.2555588
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 1766
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Contaminated sediments
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ecological risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heavy metal toxicology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aquatic ecology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk exposure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bodies of water
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Industrial pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Persian Gulf
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Multi-Index assessment of trace metal and organic pollution in sediments of Persian Gulf Salt evaporation ponds: toxic and health risk insights.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kianersi, Farahnaz
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            NameFull: Shirmohammadi, Mehrnaz
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            NameFull: Owfi, Fereidoon
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 106
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
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