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Damp-Heat Ageing of Resin Insulation Materials (Epoxy Resin and Phenolic Resin as Examples) and Their Effects on Flame Retardancy.

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Title: Damp-Heat Ageing of Resin Insulation Materials (Epoxy Resin and Phenolic Resin as Examples) and Their Effects on Flame Retardancy.
Authors: Ming, Yue1 (AUTHOR), Qiao, Xinhan2 (AUTHOR) 18086799908@189.cn, Meng, Haoran2,3 (AUTHOR), Zeng, Wentian2,4 (AUTHOR), Xia, Xiaolei1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Feng1,2 (AUTHOR), Xu, Ke3 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Zhijin4 (AUTHOR), Huang, Chuanhui1 (AUTHOR) huangch2008@xzit.edu.cn
Source: Polymers (20734360). May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p1200. 15p.
Subjects: Flammability, Deterioration of materials, Epoxy resins, Insulating materials, Phenolic resins, Microstructure, Fire testing
Abstract: As power equipment insulation materials, epoxy resin and phenolic resin are inevitably exposed to damp-heat environments during long-term operation, leading to ageing degradation. This study systematically investigates the effects of damp-heat ageing (85 °C, 90% RH, 0–56 days) on the flame retardancy of both resins through oxygen index tests, vertical combustion experiments, and microstructural analysis (SEM/EDS). Results indicate that ageing unexpectedly enhances flame retardancy: Epoxy resin: Oxygen index rapidly increased from 64.4% (0 days) to 76.5% (21 days), then stabilised at 75–76%. Afterflame time decreased from 143 s to 109 s after 56 days. Phenolic resin: Oxygen index rose continuously with ageing; afterflame time dropped sharply from 211 s (0 days) to 0 s (56 days). Mechanistic analysis reveals that ageing promotes surface enrichment of flame-retardant elements (Ca, Mg, Si in epoxy; Al, Mg in phenolic) and structural changes (e.g., porous carbonisation), which facilitate barrier effects against heat/oxygen diffusion. This work challenges conventional views on ageing-induced degradation, providing new insights for evaluating insulation safety in humid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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An: 194117801
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Damp-Heat Ageing of Resin Insulation Materials (Epoxy Resin and Phenolic Resin as Examples) and Their Effects on Flame Retardancy.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ming%2C+Yue%22">Ming, Yue</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qiao%2C+Xinhan%22">Qiao, Xinhan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 18086799908@189.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Meng%2C+Haoran%22">Meng, Haoran</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zeng%2C+Wentian%22">Zeng, Wentian</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xia%2C+Xiaolei%22">Xia, Xiaolei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Feng%22">Yang, Feng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Ke%22">Xu, Ke</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Zhijin%22">Zhang, Zhijin</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Chuanhui%22">Huang, Chuanhui</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> huangch2008@xzit.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p1200. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flammability%22">Flammability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deterioration+of+materials%22">Deterioration of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Epoxy+resins%22">Epoxy resins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Insulating+materials%22">Insulating materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phenolic+resins%22">Phenolic resins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fire+testing%22">Fire testing</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: As power equipment insulation materials, epoxy resin and phenolic resin are inevitably exposed to damp-heat environments during long-term operation, leading to ageing degradation. This study systematically investigates the effects of damp-heat ageing (85 °C, 90% RH, 0–56 days) on the flame retardancy of both resins through oxygen index tests, vertical combustion experiments, and microstructural analysis (SEM/EDS). Results indicate that ageing unexpectedly enhances flame retardancy: Epoxy resin: Oxygen index rapidly increased from 64.4% (0 days) to 76.5% (21 days), then stabilised at 75–76%. Afterflame time decreased from 143 s to 109 s after 56 days. Phenolic resin: Oxygen index rose continuously with ageing; afterflame time dropped sharply from 211 s (0 days) to 0 s (56 days). Mechanistic analysis reveals that ageing promotes surface enrichment of flame-retardant elements (Ca, Mg, Si in epoxy; Al, Mg in phenolic) and structural changes (e.g., porous carbonisation), which facilitate barrier effects against heat/oxygen diffusion. This work challenges conventional views on ageing-induced degradation, providing new insights for evaluating insulation safety in humid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18101200
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 1200
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Flammability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deterioration of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Epoxy resins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Insulating materials
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      – SubjectFull: Phenolic resins
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      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
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      – SubjectFull: Fire testing
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      – TitleFull: Damp-Heat Ageing of Resin Insulation Materials (Epoxy Resin and Phenolic Resin as Examples) and Their Effects on Flame Retardancy.
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              M: 05
              Text: May2026
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              Y: 2026
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