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Extracellular Polymers from Nitzschia sp. for Removing Clay Minerals from Water in Mining.

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Title: Extracellular Polymers from Nitzschia sp. for Removing Clay Minerals from Water in Mining.
Authors: Grisales, Jeferson1 (AUTHOR), Huapaya, Katiuska1,2 (AUTHOR), Silva-Zamora, Gabriela1,3 (AUTHOR), Cisternas, Luis A.3,4 (AUTHOR), Lavin, Paris4,5 (AUTHOR), Jeison, David1,5 (AUTHOR), Zapata, Manuel1,2 (AUTHOR), Rivas, Mariella1,3 (AUTHOR) mariella.rivas@uantof.cl
Source: Polymers (20734360). May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p1221. 22p.
Subjects: Kaolinite, Flocculants, Water purification, Glucose, Mineral industries, Diatoms, Microbial polysaccharides
Abstract: Nitzschia sp., a diatom isolated from Paposo (Antofagasta, northern Chile), was evaluated as a biological solution for removing kaolinite-type clay minerals from recycled process water in large-scale copper mining. Optimization of culture conditions to maximize extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production revealed that supplementing with 0.1 gL−1 of glucose yielded the highest EPS levels on day 17, reaching 1285 ± 58.9 mgL−1 (control equal to 237.8 ± 34 mgL−1 on day 17). However, maximum dry weight biomass productivity was achieved in the presence of sodium carbonate at a concentration of 1 gL−1 (319 ± 12.5 mgL−1d−1), significantly exceeding the productivity of the control group (242.7 ± 5.4 mgL−1d−1). Notably, low glucose supplementation enhanced EPS synthesis. Application of control-derived EPS of 1 gL−1 rapidly decreased kaolinite initial turbidity from ~2024 FNU to ~354 ± 0.74 FNU within one minute. Even more glucose-derived EPS (1 gL−1) further reduced turbidity to ~22.2 ± 0.1 FNU at 5 min, achieving a flocculation efficiency of ~98.9% after 15 min. Genomic analysis and KEGG annotation identified abundant genes for EPS and carbohydrate metabolism, including numerous glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases, and multiple copies of UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, consistent with strong polysaccharide-biosynthesis capacity. Physicochemical characterization (particle sizing, HPLC, SEM, zeta-potential and FT-IR) showed EPS comprised mainly of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose and glucose, featuring functional groups (–OH, C=O/COO–, O-acetyl, uronic/guluronic signatures) that interact with kaolinite to promote aggregation. These findings demonstrate that Nitzschia-derived EPS, especially from glucose-supplemented cultures, represent promising sustainable bioflocculants for treating kaolinite-contaminated recycled water in mining operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Extracellular Polymers from Nitzschia sp. for Removing Clay Minerals from Water in Mining.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p1221. 22p.
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Nitzschia sp., a diatom isolated from Paposo (Antofagasta, northern Chile), was evaluated as a biological solution for removing kaolinite-type clay minerals from recycled process water in large-scale copper mining. Optimization of culture conditions to maximize extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production revealed that supplementing with 0.1 gL−1 of glucose yielded the highest EPS levels on day 17, reaching 1285 ± 58.9 mgL−1 (control equal to 237.8 ± 34 mgL−1 on day 17). However, maximum dry weight biomass productivity was achieved in the presence of sodium carbonate at a concentration of 1 gL−1 (319 ± 12.5 mgL−1d−1), significantly exceeding the productivity of the control group (242.7 ± 5.4 mgL−1d−1). Notably, low glucose supplementation enhanced EPS synthesis. Application of control-derived EPS of 1 gL−1 rapidly decreased kaolinite initial turbidity from ~2024 FNU to ~354 ± 0.74 FNU within one minute. Even more glucose-derived EPS (1 gL−1) further reduced turbidity to ~22.2 ± 0.1 FNU at 5 min, achieving a flocculation efficiency of ~98.9% after 15 min. Genomic analysis and KEGG annotation identified abundant genes for EPS and carbohydrate metabolism, including numerous glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases, and multiple copies of UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, consistent with strong polysaccharide-biosynthesis capacity. Physicochemical characterization (particle sizing, HPLC, SEM, zeta-potential and FT-IR) showed EPS comprised mainly of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose and glucose, featuring functional groups (–OH, C=O/COO–, O-acetyl, uronic/guluronic signatures) that interact with kaolinite to promote aggregation. These findings demonstrate that Nitzschia-derived EPS, especially from glucose-supplemented cultures, represent promising sustainable bioflocculants for treating kaolinite-contaminated recycled water in mining operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18101221
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 1221
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Kaolinite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flocculants
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      – SubjectFull: Water purification
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      – SubjectFull: Glucose
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      – SubjectFull: Mineral industries
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      – SubjectFull: Diatoms
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      – SubjectFull: Microbial polysaccharides
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              M: 05
              Text: May2026
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