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Enhancing Separation Performance of PA Nanofiltration Membrane Through Polyelectrolyte PSS Interlayer and Surface Modification.

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Title: Enhancing Separation Performance of PA Nanofiltration Membrane Through Polyelectrolyte PSS Interlayer and Surface Modification.
Authors: Panagiotou, Fotios1 (AUTHOR), Zafeiropoulou, Georgia1,2 (AUTHOR), Gojda, Franceska2,3 (AUTHOR), Chrissopoulou, Kiriaki2,4 (AUTHOR), Zuburtikudis, Ioannis1,4 (AUTHOR), Deimede, Valadoula1,2 (AUTHOR) deimede@upatras.gr
Source: Polymers (20734360). May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p1242. 16p.
Subjects: Nanofiltration, Polyamide membranes, Water purification, Polymerization, Surface preparation, Membrane permeability (Biology), Membrane separation
Abstract: Thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide (PA) nanofiltration membranes are the state of the art for water purification and reclamation, although a selectivity–permeability trade-off often restricts their development. To mitigate this problem, in this work, a novel three-layer structured nanofiltration (NF) membrane was fabricated consisting of a negatively charged poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) interlayer, a high-performance polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based PA separation layer and a PEI-grafted top layer. The PSS interlayer aimed to regulate interfacial polymerization (IP) of PEI with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and enhance water transport, while PEI-grafting ensured high salt rejections. The relevant characterizations indicated that PEI-grafting endowed the resulting membrane (I-TFC-g) with a positive surface charge and increased the crosslinking degree to achieve much higher rejections for Mg+2 ions through the synergistic effect of Donnan and size-exclusion mechanisms, while the incorporation of the PSS interlayer resulted in an increased pure-water permeability (PWP) value of 7 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 (a value 2.8 times higher compared to the membrane TFC-g without a PSS interlayer). In specific, the I-TFC-g membrane displayed the highest salt rejections of 91% for MgCl2, 92% for MgSO4, 73% for Na2SO4 and 58% for NaCl and a good long-term stability. Overall, this work presents a simple strategy to improve NF performance by simultaneous enhancement of water permeability and salt selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Enhancing Separation Performance of PA Nanofiltration Membrane Through Polyelectrolyte PSS Interlayer and Surface Modification.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p1242. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanofiltration%22">Nanofiltration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polyamide+membranes%22">Polyamide membranes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+purification%22">Water purification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymerization%22">Polymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+preparation%22">Surface preparation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Membrane+permeability+%28Biology%29%22">Membrane permeability (Biology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Membrane+separation%22">Membrane separation</searchLink>
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  Data: Thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide (PA) nanofiltration membranes are the state of the art for water purification and reclamation, although a selectivity–permeability trade-off often restricts their development. To mitigate this problem, in this work, a novel three-layer structured nanofiltration (NF) membrane was fabricated consisting of a negatively charged poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) interlayer, a high-performance polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based PA separation layer and a PEI-grafted top layer. The PSS interlayer aimed to regulate interfacial polymerization (IP) of PEI with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and enhance water transport, while PEI-grafting ensured high salt rejections. The relevant characterizations indicated that PEI-grafting endowed the resulting membrane (I-TFC-g) with a positive surface charge and increased the crosslinking degree to achieve much higher rejections for Mg+2 ions through the synergistic effect of Donnan and size-exclusion mechanisms, while the incorporation of the PSS interlayer resulted in an increased pure-water permeability (PWP) value of 7 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 (a value 2.8 times higher compared to the membrane TFC-g without a PSS interlayer). In specific, the I-TFC-g membrane displayed the highest salt rejections of 91% for MgCl2, 92% for MgSO4, 73% for Na2SO4 and 58% for NaCl and a good long-term stability. Overall, this work presents a simple strategy to improve NF performance by simultaneous enhancement of water permeability and salt selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18101242
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1242
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      – SubjectFull: Nanofiltration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyamide membranes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water purification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymerization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface preparation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Membrane permeability (Biology)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Membrane separation
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Enhancing Separation Performance of PA Nanofiltration Membrane Through Polyelectrolyte PSS Interlayer and Surface Modification.
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            NameFull: Panagiotou, Fotios
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            – D: 15
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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