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Laser-Driven Reactive Sintering of Cu–Liquid Metal on Paper for Flexible Microwave Sensors.

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Title: Laser-Driven Reactive Sintering of Cu–Liquid Metal on Paper for Flexible Microwave Sensors.
Authors: Li, Ruo-Zhou1,2 (AUTHOR) 1223228203@njupt.edu.cn, Xu, Mengchen3 (AUTHOR), Zhong, Yiming2,3 (AUTHOR), Xia, Yuhong1 (AUTHOR), Lu, Dongyang1,3 (AUTHOR), Wang, Zehua1,2 (AUTHOR), Qu, Ke3 (AUTHOR), Yu, Ying1,2 (AUTHOR), Yan, Jing3 (AUTHOR) jing.yan@njupt.edu.cn
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). May2026, Vol. 16 Issue 10, p571. 14p.
Subjects: Laser sintering, Electrical conductors, Flexible electronics, Printed electronics, Microwave detectors, Composite materials, Flexibility (Mechanics)
Abstract: The expansion of paper-based and wearable microwave electronics demands conductors that are highly conductive, finely patterned, mechanically robust, and compatible with low-cost, biodegradable substrates. This study reports a laser-scribing strategy for high-performance copper–liquid metal (Cu–LM) conductors on paper based on laser sintering of Cu–LM composite particles, with an auxiliary adhesive transfer step to facilitate integration on flexible substrates. Laser-induced reactive sintering creates a network wherein sintered liquid metal and CuGa2 acts as a conductive bridge, interconnecting the dispersed Cu particles. This provides efficient electron transport pathways, achieving a high conductivity of 4.2 × 106 S/m under optimal laser conditions, surpassing that of pure eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) alloys. The self-healing nature of LM enables exceptional mechanical flexibility and stable electrical performance under severe deformation. The utility of this platform is demonstrated by a miniaturized microwave liquid level sensor that provides multi-parameter water-level detection and sensor calibration. These results establish laser-scribed Cu–LM on paper as a low-cost and disposable option for high-performance microwave sensors and flexible wireless electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Laser-Driven Reactive Sintering of Cu–Liquid Metal on Paper for Flexible Microwave Sensors.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Ruo-Zhou%22">Li, Ruo-Zhou</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 1223228203@njupt.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Mengchen%22">Xu, Mengchen</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhong%2C+Yiming%22">Zhong, Yiming</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xia%2C+Yuhong%22">Xia, Yuhong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lu%2C+Dongyang%22">Lu, Dongyang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Zehua%22">Wang, Zehua</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qu%2C+Ke%22">Qu, Ke</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Ying%22">Yu, Ying</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yan%2C+Jing%22">Yan, Jing</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jing.yan@njupt.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 16 Issue 10, p571. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laser+sintering%22">Laser sintering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrical+conductors%22">Electrical conductors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flexible+electronics%22">Flexible electronics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Printed+electronics%22">Printed electronics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+detectors%22">Microwave detectors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Composite+materials%22">Composite materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flexibility+%28Mechanics%29%22">Flexibility (Mechanics)</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The expansion of paper-based and wearable microwave electronics demands conductors that are highly conductive, finely patterned, mechanically robust, and compatible with low-cost, biodegradable substrates. This study reports a laser-scribing strategy for high-performance copper–liquid metal (Cu–LM) conductors on paper based on laser sintering of Cu–LM composite particles, with an auxiliary adhesive transfer step to facilitate integration on flexible substrates. Laser-induced reactive sintering creates a network wherein sintered liquid metal and CuGa2 acts as a conductive bridge, interconnecting the dispersed Cu particles. This provides efficient electron transport pathways, achieving a high conductivity of 4.2 × 106 S/m under optimal laser conditions, surpassing that of pure eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) alloys. The self-healing nature of LM enables exceptional mechanical flexibility and stable electrical performance under severe deformation. The utility of this platform is demonstrated by a miniaturized microwave liquid level sensor that provides multi-parameter water-level detection and sensor calibration. These results establish laser-scribed Cu–LM on paper as a low-cost and disposable option for high-performance microwave sensors and flexible wireless electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/nano16100571
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 571
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Laser sintering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrical conductors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flexible electronics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Printed electronics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microwave detectors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Composite materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flexibility (Mechanics)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Laser-Driven Reactive Sintering of Cu–Liquid Metal on Paper for Flexible Microwave Sensors.
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            NameFull: Li, Ruo-Zhou
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              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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