Discretization Bias in GNSS-R Terrestrial Reflectivity: Characterization and Correction for Tianmu-1.
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| Title: | Discretization Bias in GNSS-R Terrestrial Reflectivity: Characterization and Correction for Tianmu-1. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Guan, Ning1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Baojian1 (AUTHOR) liubaojian@pku.edu.cn |
| Source: | Remote Sensing. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p1634. 20p. |
| Subjects: | Remote sensing, Reflectance, Artificial satellites, Electronic modulation |
| Abstract: | Highlights: What are the main findings? Thermal noise dominates Tianmu-1 GNSS-R baseline elevation but corrected in products; There are general underestimations from 0.4 dB to 1.3 dB in reflectivity caused by discretization bias; BOC modulation requires higher delay resolution for its steeper peak. What are the implications of the main findings? Delay-domain discretization effects depend on signal modulation, with BOC signals (BDS/Galileo) requiring higher delay sampling resolution for accurate reflectivity retrieval; Correcting sampling-induced delay bias is essential to reduce reflectivity underestimation and improve inter-system consistency. DDM is the primary Level-1 observable of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R). Over the past decade, the discretization strategy of Delay-Doppler Map (DDM) systems has been primarily optimized for ocean remote sensing. This study highlights the impact of discretization effects in DDM sampling on land applications. The discretization effect in the Doppler dimension is first evaluated by comparing simulated and observed DDM slices at the Doppler bin corresponding to the DDM peak. The results indicate that the noise in DDM observations can be approximated as additive thermal noise. Based on an ideal autocorrelation function template, a matched filtering analysis is then applied to estimate the optimized specular point delay and reconstruct the peak power. Using multi-constellation observations from Tianmu-1, the results show that the original DDM peak delay exhibits a systematic delay relative to the optimized specular point delay, with biases of approximately 0.02 chips for GPS and GLONASS, and 0.17 chips for BDS (BeiDou) and Galileo. For BOC(1,1) signals in BDS and Galileo, the reflectivity remains underestimated by ~1.4 dB even at a delay sampling interval of 1/8 chip. The results indicate that under coherent scattering conditions over land, direct use of the DDM peak leads to underestimation of reflectivity due to discretization. The correction proposed in this study reduces the relative differences in reflectivity observations among the four GNSS systems. This study suggests that peak under-sampling should be considered in GNSS-R applications, and higher delay sampling resolution is required for land observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Discretization Bias in GNSS-R Terrestrial Reflectivity: Characterization and Correction for Tianmu-1. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guan%2C+Ning%22">Guan, Ning</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Baojian%22">Liu, Baojian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> liubaojian@pku.edu.cn</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p1634. 20p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote+sensing%22">Remote sensing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reflectance%22">Reflectance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Artificial+satellites%22">Artificial satellites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+modulation%22">Electronic modulation</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? Thermal noise dominates Tianmu-1 GNSS-R baseline elevation but corrected in products; There are general underestimations from 0.4 dB to 1.3 dB in reflectivity caused by discretization bias; BOC modulation requires higher delay resolution for its steeper peak. What are the implications of the main findings? Delay-domain discretization effects depend on signal modulation, with BOC signals (BDS/Galileo) requiring higher delay sampling resolution for accurate reflectivity retrieval; Correcting sampling-induced delay bias is essential to reduce reflectivity underestimation and improve inter-system consistency. DDM is the primary Level-1 observable of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R). Over the past decade, the discretization strategy of Delay-Doppler Map (DDM) systems has been primarily optimized for ocean remote sensing. This study highlights the impact of discretization effects in DDM sampling on land applications. The discretization effect in the Doppler dimension is first evaluated by comparing simulated and observed DDM slices at the Doppler bin corresponding to the DDM peak. The results indicate that the noise in DDM observations can be approximated as additive thermal noise. Based on an ideal autocorrelation function template, a matched filtering analysis is then applied to estimate the optimized specular point delay and reconstruct the peak power. Using multi-constellation observations from Tianmu-1, the results show that the original DDM peak delay exhibits a systematic delay relative to the optimized specular point delay, with biases of approximately 0.02 chips for GPS and GLONASS, and 0.17 chips for BDS (BeiDou) and Galileo. For BOC(1,1) signals in BDS and Galileo, the reflectivity remains underestimated by ~1.4 dB even at a delay sampling interval of 1/8 chip. The results indicate that under coherent scattering conditions over land, direct use of the DDM peak leads to underestimation of reflectivity due to discretization. The correction proposed in this study reduces the relative differences in reflectivity observations among the four GNSS systems. This study suggests that peak under-sampling should be considered in GNSS-R applications, and higher delay sampling resolution is required for land observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/rs18101634 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 20 StartPage: 1634 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Remote sensing Type: general – SubjectFull: Reflectance Type: general – SubjectFull: Artificial satellites Type: general – SubjectFull: Electronic modulation Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Discretization Bias in GNSS-R Terrestrial Reflectivity: Characterization and Correction for Tianmu-1. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Guan, Ning – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Liu, Baojian IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 15 M: 05 Text: May2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 20724292 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 18 – Type: issue Value: 10 Titles: – TitleFull: Remote Sensing Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
