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Chitosan–Alginate Polyelectrolyte Systems: From Classical Release Models to the D‐PARMO Framework.

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Title: Chitosan–Alginate Polyelectrolyte Systems: From Classical Release Models to the D‐PARMO Framework.
Authors: Rekab, Parastoo1 (AUTHOR) 22701890@emu.edu.tr, Oladipo, Akeem Adeyemi2 (AUTHOR) akeem.oladipo@emu.edu.tr
Source: Macromolecular Materials & Engineering. May2026, Vol. 311 Issue 5, p1-33. 33p.
Subjects: Polyelectrolytes, Electrostatic interaction, Alginic acid, Drug delivery systems, Chitosan, Macroscopic kinetics
Abstract: Despite the extensive preclinical optimization of biocompatible chitosan–alginate (CS/ALG) polyelectrolyte complexes for drug delivery, their clinical translation is hindered by a lack of predictive models linking formulation parameters to in vivo performance. This review bridges this "predictive gap" by critically deconstructing the physicochemical foundations of CS/ALG systems. We highlight the inadequacy of classical semi‐empirical models (e.g., Higuchi, Korsmeyer‐Peppas), which rely on descriptive curve‐fitting rather than a priori prediction. To overcome this, we introduce the Dual‐Polyelectrolyte Adaptive Release Mechanistic Outlook (D‐PARMO). This novel framework mechanistically unifies the key coupled phenomena governing release: dual‐polymer ionization equilibria, Flory‐Rehner swelling, Donnan partitioning, and multi‐modal transport kinetics. We condense this into an operational model that translates release data into physically meaningful parameters: a diffusion rate constant (kd), erosion/swelling amplitude and rate (ke, ks), and an electrostatic coupling coefficient (α). Comparative simulations demonstrate that D‐PARMO successfully identifies underlying physical drivers where classical models fail. Adopting this mechanistically informed operational framework provides a rational, science‐based pathway to support the design and de‐risk the translation of smart biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Macromolecular Materials & Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Chitosan–Alginate Polyelectrolyte Systems: From Classical Release Models to the D‐PARMO Framework.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rekab%2C+Parastoo%22">Rekab, Parastoo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 22701890@emu.edu.tr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Oladipo%2C+Akeem+Adeyemi%22">Oladipo, Akeem Adeyemi</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> akeem.oladipo@emu.edu.tr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Macromolecular+Materials+%26+Engineering%22">Macromolecular Materials & Engineering</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 311 Issue 5, p1-33. 33p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polyelectrolytes%22">Polyelectrolytes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrostatic+interaction%22">Electrostatic interaction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alginic+acid%22">Alginic acid</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drug+delivery+systems%22">Drug delivery systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chitosan%22">Chitosan</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Macroscopic+kinetics%22">Macroscopic kinetics</searchLink>
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  Data: Despite the extensive preclinical optimization of biocompatible chitosan–alginate (CS/ALG) polyelectrolyte complexes for drug delivery, their clinical translation is hindered by a lack of predictive models linking formulation parameters to in vivo performance. This review bridges this "predictive gap" by critically deconstructing the physicochemical foundations of CS/ALG systems. We highlight the inadequacy of classical semi‐empirical models (e.g., Higuchi, Korsmeyer‐Peppas), which rely on descriptive curve‐fitting rather than a priori prediction. To overcome this, we introduce the Dual‐Polyelectrolyte Adaptive Release Mechanistic Outlook (D‐PARMO). This novel framework mechanistically unifies the key coupled phenomena governing release: dual‐polymer ionization equilibria, Flory‐Rehner swelling, Donnan partitioning, and multi‐modal transport kinetics. We condense this into an operational model that translates release data into physically meaningful parameters: a diffusion rate constant (kd), erosion/swelling amplitude and rate (ke, ks), and an electrostatic coupling coefficient (α). Comparative simulations demonstrate that D‐PARMO successfully identifies underlying physical drivers where classical models fail. Adopting this mechanistically informed operational framework provides a rational, science‐based pathway to support the design and de‐risk the translation of smart biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Macromolecular Materials & Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/mame.70232
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 33
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      – SubjectFull: Polyelectrolytes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrostatic interaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Alginic acid
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drug delivery systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chitosan
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Macroscopic kinetics
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Chitosan–Alginate Polyelectrolyte Systems: From Classical Release Models to the D‐PARMO Framework.
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            NameFull: Rekab, Parastoo
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            NameFull: Oladipo, Akeem Adeyemi
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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