Structural Identifiability and Reliability Assessment of a Nonidentical Cold‐Standby System Subject to Progressive Degradation and Imperfect Switching.
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| Title: | Structural Identifiability and Reliability Assessment of a Nonidentical Cold‐Standby System Subject to Progressive Degradation and Imperfect Switching. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | R. Neamah, Nawres1 (AUTHOR), Mahdi, Alaa F.2 (AUTHOR), Hindi, Layla3 (AUTHOR), Asker, Hussein K.3 (AUTHOR) husseink.askar@uokufa.edu.iq, Lin, Chong (AUTHOR) linchong_2004@hotmail.com |
| Source: | Journal of Applied Mathematics. 5/30/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-17. 17p. |
| Subjects: | Markov processes, Reliability in engineering, Sensitivity analysis, Redundancy in engineering, Condition-based maintenance |
| Abstract: | In safety‐critical systems, the assumption of identical components often leads to an overestimation of reliability. This study develops a detailed continuous‐time Markov chain (CTMC) model for a complex three‐unit, nonidentical cold‐standby system. The model is unique in that it includes switch priority, progressive degradation (normal ⟶ partial ⟶ total failure), and hierarchical repair, addressing a gap in modeling heterogeneous redundancy. A 33‐state CTMC is created and validated using discrete‐event simulation (106 trials). Unlike previous studies, we perform a structural identifiability analysis to ensure parameter uniqueness from failure data, along with a global sensitivity analysis using Sobol′ indices. The analysis confirms that the model′s structure is identifiable. Sensitivity analysis shows that switch reliability is the most important factor (Sq = 0.387), more so than unit redundancy. The analytical mean time to failure (MTTF) closely matches the simulation results, with a small error (∈<0.6%). Therefore, this study shows that the reliability of the switching mechanism is the main limiting factor in heterogeneous standby systems. The proposed model establishes a mathematical framework for predictive maintenance in systems needing high availability. It further enables engineers to optimize the design of systems where reliability is critical to safety. The results indicate that focusing on the safety as well as reliability of the switch is more cost effective than increasing system reliability solely through unit redundancy. Under stringent failure criteria, the reliability of the switching mechanism surpasses the advantages provided by unit redundancy. Notably, the system mean time between failures is highly sensitive to switch failure parameters (q, p), whereas the basic unit repair rate (θA) exerts minimal influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Journal of Applied Mathematics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 194204350 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Structural Identifiability and Reliability Assessment of a Nonidentical Cold‐Standby System Subject to Progressive Degradation and Imperfect Switching. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22R%2E+Neamah%2C+Nawres%22">R. Neamah, Nawres</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mahdi%2C+Alaa+F%2E%22">Mahdi, Alaa F.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hindi%2C+Layla%22">Hindi, Layla</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Asker%2C+Hussein+K%2E%22">Asker, Hussein K.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> husseink.askar@uokufa.edu.iq</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+Chong%22">Lin, Chong</searchLink> (AUTHOR)<i> linchong_2004@hotmail.com</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Applied+Mathematics%22">Journal of Applied Mathematics</searchLink>. 5/30/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-17. 17p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Markov+processes%22">Markov processes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reliability+in+engineering%22">Reliability in engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sensitivity+analysis%22">Sensitivity analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Redundancy+in+engineering%22">Redundancy in engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Condition-based+maintenance%22">Condition-based maintenance</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: In safety‐critical systems, the assumption of identical components often leads to an overestimation of reliability. This study develops a detailed continuous‐time Markov chain (CTMC) model for a complex three‐unit, nonidentical cold‐standby system. The model is unique in that it includes switch priority, progressive degradation (normal ⟶ partial ⟶ total failure), and hierarchical repair, addressing a gap in modeling heterogeneous redundancy. A 33‐state CTMC is created and validated using discrete‐event simulation (106 trials). Unlike previous studies, we perform a structural identifiability analysis to ensure parameter uniqueness from failure data, along with a global sensitivity analysis using Sobol′ indices. The analysis confirms that the model′s structure is identifiable. Sensitivity analysis shows that switch reliability is the most important factor (Sq = 0.387), more so than unit redundancy. The analytical mean time to failure (MTTF) closely matches the simulation results, with a small error (∈<0.6%). Therefore, this study shows that the reliability of the switching mechanism is the main limiting factor in heterogeneous standby systems. The proposed model establishes a mathematical framework for predictive maintenance in systems needing high availability. It further enables engineers to optimize the design of systems where reliability is critical to safety. The results indicate that focusing on the safety as well as reliability of the switch is more cost effective than increasing system reliability solely through unit redundancy. Under stringent failure criteria, the reliability of the switching mechanism surpasses the advantages provided by unit redundancy. Notably, the system mean time between failures is highly sensitive to switch failure parameters (q, p), whereas the basic unit repair rate (θA) exerts minimal influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Applied Mathematics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1155/jama/7695725 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 17 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Markov processes Type: general – SubjectFull: Reliability in engineering Type: general – SubjectFull: Sensitivity analysis Type: general – SubjectFull: Redundancy in engineering Type: general – SubjectFull: Condition-based maintenance Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Structural Identifiability and Reliability Assessment of a Nonidentical Cold‐Standby System Subject to Progressive Degradation and Imperfect Switching. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: R. Neamah, Nawres – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Mahdi, Alaa F. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Hindi, Layla – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Asker, Hussein K. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Lin, Chong IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 30 M: 05 Text: 5/30/2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 1110757X Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 2026 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of Applied Mathematics Type: main |
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