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Tribological Behavior of Optimized Heat-Treated Dual-Phase Bainitic and Martensitic Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel.

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Title: Tribological Behavior of Optimized Heat-Treated Dual-Phase Bainitic and Martensitic Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel.
Authors: Kumar, Satish1 (AUTHOR) skgautam1234@gmail.com, Sangal, S.2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance. Jun2026, Vol. 35 Issue 21, p21080-21096. 17p.
Subjects: Austempering (Heat treatment), Tempering, Fractal dimensions, Steel, Wear resistance, Chromium molybdenum steel, Heat treatment
Abstract: This study examines the tribological behavior of dual-phase bainitic–martensitic microstructures developed in modified 9Cr–1Mo steel through optimized heat treatments. Group-I specimens included Set-I and Set-II, both austempered at 460 °C for 60 and 120 min, followed by water quenching or air cooling, respectively. Group-II specimens comprised Set-III (austempered at 460 °C for 6 h) and Set-IV (austempered at 480 °C for 6 h), both of which were subsequently tempered at 760 °C for 0–30 min. Tribological testing revealed that Group-II specimens, which underwent tempering after austempering, exhibited markedly improved wear resistance compared with both the as-received and Group-I materials. The lowest wear volume, 2.88 mm3 at 30 N, was obtained for Set-III, which was tempered for 5 min, representing an 82.6% reduction relative to Set-I (16.58 mm3). The corresponding specific wear rate decreased from 4.9 × 10−4 to 8.5 × 10−5 mm3/N·m. Group-I specimens generally exhibited inferior wear performance, with wear volumes reaching up to 16.49 mm3 at 30 N. Several Group-II specimens displayed a decreasing specific wear rate with increasing load, indicating load-induced work hardening. Stable tribo-oxide films contributed to reduced friction, with Set-IV attaining a minimum coefficient of friction of 0.112 at 50 N, compared with 0.346 for the as-received material. A quantitative correlation between wear behavior and fractal dimension of wear scars offers predictive insights into wear progression. These results demonstrate a significant tribological enhancement through the combined use of austempering and tempering in modified 9Cr-1Mo steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: Tribological Behavior of Optimized Heat-Treated Dual-Phase Bainitic and Martensitic Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Austempering+%28Heat+treatment%29%22">Austempering (Heat treatment)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tempering%22">Tempering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fractal+dimensions%22">Fractal dimensions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Steel%22">Steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wear+resistance%22">Wear resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chromium+molybdenum+steel%22">Chromium molybdenum steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+treatment%22">Heat treatment</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study examines the tribological behavior of dual-phase bainitic–martensitic microstructures developed in modified 9Cr–1Mo steel through optimized heat treatments. Group-I specimens included Set-I and Set-II, both austempered at 460 °C for 60 and 120 min, followed by water quenching or air cooling, respectively. Group-II specimens comprised Set-III (austempered at 460 °C for 6 h) and Set-IV (austempered at 480 °C for 6 h), both of which were subsequently tempered at 760 °C for 0–30 min. Tribological testing revealed that Group-II specimens, which underwent tempering after austempering, exhibited markedly improved wear resistance compared with both the as-received and Group-I materials. The lowest wear volume, 2.88 mm3 at 30 N, was obtained for Set-III, which was tempered for 5 min, representing an 82.6% reduction relative to Set-I (16.58 mm3). The corresponding specific wear rate decreased from 4.9 × 10−4 to 8.5 × 10−5 mm3/N·m. Group-I specimens generally exhibited inferior wear performance, with wear volumes reaching up to 16.49 mm3 at 30 N. Several Group-II specimens displayed a decreasing specific wear rate with increasing load, indicating load-induced work hardening. Stable tribo-oxide films contributed to reduced friction, with Set-IV attaining a minimum coefficient of friction of 0.112 at 50 N, compared with 0.346 for the as-received material. A quantitative correlation between wear behavior and fractal dimension of wear scars offers predictive insights into wear progression. These results demonstrate a significant tribological enhancement through the combined use of austempering and tempering in modified 9Cr-1Mo steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11665-026-13167-9
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 21080
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Austempering (Heat treatment)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tempering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fractal dimensions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wear resistance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chromium molybdenum steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat treatment
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Tribological Behavior of Optimized Heat-Treated Dual-Phase Bainitic and Martensitic Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel.
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            NameFull: Kumar, Satish
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            NameFull: Sangal, S.
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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