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Development of MoS2/TiO2 coated graphite felt as the positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery.

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Title: Development of MoS2/TiO2 coated graphite felt as the positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery.
Authors: Huang, Jung-Jie1 (AUTHOR) jjhuang@asia.edu.tw, Wang, Jui-Yu2 (AUTHOR), Ho, Ying-Rong1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Chemical Engineering & Processing. Aug2026, Vol. 226, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Molybdenum disulfide, Titanium dioxide, Graphite, Electrocatalysis, Electrode efficiency, Vanadium redox battery, Electrodes, Energy storage
Abstract: • Deliver uniform, hydrophilic TiO 2 films with excellent coverage via liquid-phase deposition. • Utilize TiO 2 layer to promote uniform and stable MoS₂ growth on the electrode surface. • Enhance TiO 2 conductivity and catalytic activity through MoS 2 coating. • MoS 2 /TiO 2 /GF electrode achieved 70.5 % energy efficiency at 125 mA/cm². • Achieve superior long-term stability and operational reliability in modified electrodes. In this study, a MoS 2 /TiO 2 -coated graphite felt (GF) was developed as the positive electrode to enhance the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). First, the GF was immersed in a mixed solution of (NH 4) 2 TiF 6 and H 3 BO 3 , resulting in the deposition of a TiO 2 thin film on the GF surface. Subsequently, a MoS₂ thin film was formed on the TiO 2 -coated GF via a hydrothermal process using (NH 4) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O and C 2 H 5 NS as precursors, thereby producing a MoS 2 /TiO 2 /GF composite electrode. Experimental results revealed that the TiO 2 -deposited GF exhibited excellent hydrophilicity, which facilitated the uniform formation and effective stacking of the MoS₂ layer on the TiO 2 /GF substrate. After annealing at 300 °C, oxygen vacancies were effectively reduced, and the ratio between MoS 2 and MoO 3 was optimized, resulting in abundant electrochemically active sites and superior electrocatalytic activity. These improvements substantially enhanced the VO2+/VO 2 + redox reaction at the positive electrode. When employed as the positive electrode in a VRFB, the MoS 2 /TiO 2 /GF composite achieved coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies of 96.1 %, 73.4 %, and 70.5 %, respectively, at a current density of 125 mA/cm2. Compared with pristine GF (53.0 %), the energy efficiency increased significantly by 17.5 %. Furthermore, the electrode maintained stable performance after 100 charge–discharge cycles, demonstrating excellent durability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Chemical Engineering & Processing is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Development of MoS2/TiO2 coated graphite felt as the positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Jung-Jie%22">Huang, Jung-Jie</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jjhuang@asia.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Jui-Yu%22">Wang, Jui-Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ho%2C+Ying-Rong%22">Ho, Ying-Rong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Chemical+Engineering+%26+Processing%22">Chemical Engineering & Processing</searchLink>. Aug2026, Vol. 226, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Molybdenum+disulfide%22">Molybdenum disulfide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+dioxide%22">Titanium dioxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphite%22">Graphite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrocatalysis%22">Electrocatalysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrode+efficiency%22">Electrode efficiency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vanadium+redox+battery%22">Vanadium redox battery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrodes%22">Electrodes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+storage%22">Energy storage</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Deliver uniform, hydrophilic TiO 2 films with excellent coverage via liquid-phase deposition. • Utilize TiO 2 layer to promote uniform and stable MoS₂ growth on the electrode surface. • Enhance TiO 2 conductivity and catalytic activity through MoS 2 coating. • MoS 2 /TiO 2 /GF electrode achieved 70.5 % energy efficiency at 125 mA/cm². • Achieve superior long-term stability and operational reliability in modified electrodes. In this study, a MoS 2 /TiO 2 -coated graphite felt (GF) was developed as the positive electrode to enhance the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). First, the GF was immersed in a mixed solution of (NH 4) 2 TiF 6 and H 3 BO 3 , resulting in the deposition of a TiO 2 thin film on the GF surface. Subsequently, a MoS₂ thin film was formed on the TiO 2 -coated GF via a hydrothermal process using (NH 4) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O and C 2 H 5 NS as precursors, thereby producing a MoS 2 /TiO 2 /GF composite electrode. Experimental results revealed that the TiO 2 -deposited GF exhibited excellent hydrophilicity, which facilitated the uniform formation and effective stacking of the MoS₂ layer on the TiO 2 /GF substrate. After annealing at 300 °C, oxygen vacancies were effectively reduced, and the ratio between MoS 2 and MoO 3 was optimized, resulting in abundant electrochemically active sites and superior electrocatalytic activity. These improvements substantially enhanced the VO2+/VO 2 + redox reaction at the positive electrode. When employed as the positive electrode in a VRFB, the MoS 2 /TiO 2 /GF composite achieved coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies of 96.1 %, 73.4 %, and 70.5 %, respectively, at a current density of 125 mA/cm2. Compared with pristine GF (53.0 %), the energy efficiency increased significantly by 17.5 %. Furthermore, the electrode maintained stable performance after 100 charge–discharge cycles, demonstrating excellent durability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Chemical Engineering & Processing is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.cep.2026.110862
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Molybdenum disulfide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Titanium dioxide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrocatalysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrode efficiency
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vanadium redox battery
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrodes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy storage
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Development of MoS2/TiO2 coated graphite felt as the positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Huang, Jung-Jie
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wang, Jui-Yu
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ho, Ying-Rong
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 02552701
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 226
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Chemical Engineering & Processing
              Type: main
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