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Streaming in metal additive manufacturing: a catalyst for secure distributed manufacturing.

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Title: Streaming in metal additive manufacturing: a catalyst for secure distributed manufacturing.
Authors: Kolter, Moritz1 (AUTHOR) moritz.kolter@dap.rwth-aachen.de, Dirks, Sebastian1 (AUTHOR), Scheres, Sven2 (AUTHOR), Schleifenbaum, Johannes Henrich1 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Production Research. May2026, Vol. 64 Issue 10, p4181-4195. 15p.
Subjects: Streaming technology, Intellectual property, Synchronous data transmission systems, Three-dimensional printing, Metal fabrication, Powder bed fusion, Manufacturing industries
Abstract: Distributed Manufacturing (DM) involves decentralised production facilities to increase flexibility, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency by bringing production closer to customers. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a toolless production approach that promises to support DM by enabling the dispersion of production in decentralised facilities without relying on economies of scale. However, transferring manufacturing information, such as 3D models and parameters, across multiple local facilities exposes intellectual property (IP) to various threats, including manipulation and unauthorised production. To address these challenges, this work introduces a streaming protocol that securely distributes manufacturing information from the cloud to AM machines. The protocol defines a state machine that enables synchronisation between the cloud and an AM machine and a layerwise streaming sequence that protects the transmitted information. Additionally, the protocol controls how often a part can be printed. The feasibility of the protocol is demonstrated in a case study using Powder Bed Fusion of Metals as an exemplary AM technology. The case study shows that manufacturing information can be streamed parallel to the printing process while meeting hard real-time requirements. Finally, the contribution of the layerwise streaming concept to securing IP is discussed by four potential attack vectors, such as eavesdropping or data interception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Streaming in metal additive manufacturing: a catalyst for secure distributed manufacturing.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Streaming+technology%22">Streaming technology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intellectual+property%22">Intellectual property</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Synchronous+data+transmission+systems%22">Synchronous data transmission systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal+fabrication%22">Metal fabrication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Powder+bed+fusion%22">Powder bed fusion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Manufacturing+industries%22">Manufacturing industries</searchLink>
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  Data: Distributed Manufacturing (DM) involves decentralised production facilities to increase flexibility, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency by bringing production closer to customers. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a toolless production approach that promises to support DM by enabling the dispersion of production in decentralised facilities without relying on economies of scale. However, transferring manufacturing information, such as 3D models and parameters, across multiple local facilities exposes intellectual property (IP) to various threats, including manipulation and unauthorised production. To address these challenges, this work introduces a streaming protocol that securely distributes manufacturing information from the cloud to AM machines. The protocol defines a state machine that enables synchronisation between the cloud and an AM machine and a layerwise streaming sequence that protects the transmitted information. Additionally, the protocol controls how often a part can be printed. The feasibility of the protocol is demonstrated in a case study using Powder Bed Fusion of Metals as an exemplary AM technology. The case study shows that manufacturing information can be streamed parallel to the printing process while meeting hard real-time requirements. Finally, the contribution of the layerwise streaming concept to securing IP is discussed by four potential attack vectors, such as eavesdropping or data interception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/00207543.2025.2471563
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Metal fabrication
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              Text: May2026
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