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Enhanced Finite Element Numerical Analysis of Rigid Inclusion Lateral Resistance for Embankment on Slightly Overconsolidated Soft Clay.

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Title: Enhanced Finite Element Numerical Analysis of Rigid Inclusion Lateral Resistance for Embankment on Slightly Overconsolidated Soft Clay.
Authors: Haskarini, Kanti1, Himawan, Agus2 ahimawan@promisco.com, Irsyam, Masyhur1, Krisnanto, Sugeng1, Susanto, Darmawan Adi3, Nusantara, Bintang Putra3
Source: Journal of Engineering & Technological Sciences. Jun2026, Vol. 58 Issue 3, p366-378. 13p.
Subjects: Finite element method, Soil-structure interaction, Embankments, Soils, Lateral loads, Soil cohesion
Abstract: Soft clay soils represent a significant challenge for embankment construction due to high compressibility, low shear strength, low bearing capacity, and excessive settlement potential. This study presents an enhanced finite-element model to evaluate the performance of Mortar Column Inclusion (Inklusi Kolom Mortar, or IKM) as a rigid inclusion supporting embankments over slightly overconsolidated soft clays, as implemented in the Serang-Panimbang Toll Road Project (STA 75+600 to STA 75+800). The propose approach integrates depth-dependent multilinear lateral resistance with structural "dummy" plate elements to capture soil arching within the Load Transfer Platform (LTP) and lateral column-soil interaction—an approach not previously applied in rigid inclusions modeling for soft clays. Studies on numerical modeling of IKM systems in slightly overconsolidated soft clays remain limited. Finite element analyses are conducted using PLAXIS 2D and 3D with axisymmetric, unit-cell, and plane strain approaches. The results show that the "dummy" plate simulates soil arching in the LTP and improves the representation of negative skin friction, neutral-plane transition, and axial load distribution. Depth-dependent lateral resistance enhances predictions of column bending moments and horizontal deformation within varying soil layers. Field validation indicates good agreement, with inclinometer displacement predicted at 40.79 mm (difference < 10%). Predicted vertical settlements of 20.71 cm (centerline) and 19.38 (edge) are also consistent with settlement plate readings of 15.80 and 11.00 cm, respectively. These findings confirm that the enhanced model provides a comprehensive evaluation of stress distribution, pile deformation, and global stability for ground improvement design in soft clays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Engineering & Technological Sciences is the property of Institut Teknologi Bandung and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Enhanced Finite Element Numerical Analysis of Rigid Inclusion Lateral Resistance for Embankment on Slightly Overconsolidated Soft Clay.
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  Data: Soft clay soils represent a significant challenge for embankment construction due to high compressibility, low shear strength, low bearing capacity, and excessive settlement potential. This study presents an enhanced finite-element model to evaluate the performance of Mortar Column Inclusion (Inklusi Kolom Mortar, or IKM) as a rigid inclusion supporting embankments over slightly overconsolidated soft clays, as implemented in the Serang-Panimbang Toll Road Project (STA 75+600 to STA 75+800). The propose approach integrates depth-dependent multilinear lateral resistance with structural &quot;dummy&quot; plate elements to capture soil arching within the Load Transfer Platform (LTP) and lateral column-soil interaction—an approach not previously applied in rigid inclusions modeling for soft clays. Studies on numerical modeling of IKM systems in slightly overconsolidated soft clays remain limited. Finite element analyses are conducted using PLAXIS 2D and 3D with axisymmetric, unit-cell, and plane strain approaches. The results show that the &quot;dummy&quot; plate simulates soil arching in the LTP and improves the representation of negative skin friction, neutral-plane transition, and axial load distribution. Depth-dependent lateral resistance enhances predictions of column bending moments and horizontal deformation within varying soil layers. Field validation indicates good agreement, with inclinometer displacement predicted at 40.79 mm (difference &lt; 10%). Predicted vertical settlements of 20.71 cm (centerline) and 19.38 (edge) are also consistent with settlement plate readings of 15.80 and 11.00 cm, respectively. These findings confirm that the enhanced model provides a comprehensive evaluation of stress distribution, pile deformation, and global stability for ground improvement design in soft clays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Journal of Engineering &amp; Technological Sciences is the property of Institut Teknologi Bandung and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2026.58.3.5
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 366
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil-structure interaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Embankments
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lateral loads
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil cohesion
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Enhanced Finite Element Numerical Analysis of Rigid Inclusion Lateral Resistance for Embankment on Slightly Overconsolidated Soft Clay.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Haskarini, Kanti
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            NameFull: Himawan, Agus
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            NameFull: Irsyam, Masyhur
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            NameFull: Krisnanto, Sugeng
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            NameFull: Susanto, Darmawan Adi
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            NameFull: Nusantara, Bintang Putra
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Engineering & Technological Sciences
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