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Study of a Parallel Second-Order Small Slope Approximation Algorithm for Electromagnetic Scattering from the Rough Surface.

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Title: Study of a Parallel Second-Order Small Slope Approximation Algorithm for Electromagnetic Scattering from the Rough Surface.
Authors: Zhang, Xiaoyan1, Wang, Luqi1 18479358208@163.com, He, Hongwei1, Yu, Gang1
Source: Progress in Electromagnetics Research C. 2026, Vol. 170, p132-139. 8p.
Subjects: Electromagnetic wave scattering, Fast Fourier transforms, Parallel programming, Rough surfaces, Computer performance
Abstract: The second-order small-slope approximation (SSA2) is an analytical approximation method applied to electromagnetic scattering simulations on rough surfaces. However, the conventional serial SSA2 method involves a quadruple integral, and each integration requires a fast Fourier transform (FFT). As a result, the method demands very high memory and suffers from very low computational efficiency. In this paper, a parallel SSA2 method is proposed by combining region decomposition with Message Passing Interface (MPI) programming. The OpenMP technique is also adopted to further improve the algorithm's performance. To avoid the frequent communication overhead caused by spectral shifting in traditional parallel FFT methods, the matrix data is carefully allocated, which effectively removes the related communication bottleneck. In addition, by using the separability of the two-dimensional (2-D) FFT, each 2-D FFT is implemented using two sequential one-dimensional (1-D) FFTs. This design limits inter-node communication to a constant upper bound. Numerical results show that when the number of computer nodes reaches 10, the parallel efficiency of the proposed method exceeds 80%, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Progress in Electromagnetics Research C is the property of Electromagnetics Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Study of a Parallel Second-Order Small Slope Approximation Algorithm for Electromagnetic Scattering from the Rough Surface.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Xiaoyan%22">Zhang, Xiaoyan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Luqi%22">Wang, Luqi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> 18479358208@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Hongwei%22">He, Hongwei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Gang%22">Yu, Gang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Progress+in+Electromagnetics+Research+C%22">Progress in Electromagnetics Research C</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 170, p132-139. 8p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electromagnetic+wave+scattering%22">Electromagnetic wave scattering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fast+Fourier+transforms%22">Fast Fourier transforms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parallel+programming%22">Parallel programming</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rough+surfaces%22">Rough surfaces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+performance%22">Computer performance</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The second-order small-slope approximation (SSA2) is an analytical approximation method applied to electromagnetic scattering simulations on rough surfaces. However, the conventional serial SSA2 method involves a quadruple integral, and each integration requires a fast Fourier transform (FFT). As a result, the method demands very high memory and suffers from very low computational efficiency. In this paper, a parallel SSA2 method is proposed by combining region decomposition with Message Passing Interface (MPI) programming. The OpenMP technique is also adopted to further improve the algorithm's performance. To avoid the frequent communication overhead caused by spectral shifting in traditional parallel FFT methods, the matrix data is carefully allocated, which effectively removes the related communication bottleneck. In addition, by using the separability of the two-dimensional (2-D) FFT, each 2-D FFT is implemented using two sequential one-dimensional (1-D) FFTs. This design limits inter-node communication to a constant upper bound. Numerical results show that when the number of computer nodes reaches 10, the parallel efficiency of the proposed method exceeds 80%, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Progress in Electromagnetics Research C is the property of Electromagnetics Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.2528/PIERC26032408
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 8
        StartPage: 132
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Electromagnetic wave scattering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fast Fourier transforms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parallel programming
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rough surfaces
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer performance
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Study of a Parallel Second-Order Small Slope Approximation Algorithm for Electromagnetic Scattering from the Rough Surface.
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            NameFull: Zhang, Xiaoyan
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            NameFull: Wang, Luqi
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            NameFull: He, Hongwei
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            NameFull: Yu, Gang
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 170
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            – TitleFull: Progress in Electromagnetics Research C
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