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Geometric characterization of offshore sacrificial anodes by ultrasonic FBG sensing using FMCW interferometry.

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Title: Geometric characterization of offshore sacrificial anodes by ultrasonic FBG sensing using FMCW interferometry.
Authors: Fu, Guangwei1,2 (AUTHOR) earl@cust.edu.cn, Zhang, Jiatong2,3 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Tiexin3 (AUTHOR), Xia, Xuetao1,2 (AUTHOR), Jia, Jing1,2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Mengye2 (AUTHOR), Bi, Weihong2 (AUTHOR), Fu, Xinghu3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Optics Communications. Nov2026, Vol. 617, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Fiber Bragg gratings, Cathodic protection, Interferometry, Ultrasonic imaging, Ultrasonic measurement, Signal processing, Offshore wind power plants
Abstract: Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP) is critical for offshore wind foundations, yet ensuring the real-time integrity of anode materials remains a challenge as traditional monitoring methods are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and lack quantitative spatial capabilities. This paper proposes a quasi-distributed monitoring system based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) pulse-echo ultrasound detection, utilizing optical Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) technology to precisely address multiple sensing units via beat frequency mapping. The optimized FBG sensor had a center wavelength of 1549.2 nm, a grating length of 1.2 cm, and a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.1 nm, and was interrogated by a linearly swept Distributed Feedback (DFB) laser operating around 1549.2 nm with a sweep frequency of 50 Hz. Ultrasonic excitation frequencies of 22 kHz and 400 kHz were used for modulation mechanism verification and pulse-echo thickness detection, respectively. A high-overlap sliding Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) algorithm was developed to extract 400 kHz ultrasonic echoes with sub-microsecond resolution. Continuous 50-frame stability tests demonstrated a standard deviation of 0.297 mm and a mean relative error of 1.03%. Furthermore, quasi-distributed array reconstruction successfully characterized irregular geometries with a surface area fitting error within 2.7%. Eliminating the need for reference electrodes, this EMI-immune scheme offers a novel quantitative tool for the intelligent O&M of offshore wind structures. • A quasi distributed ultrasonic FBG and optical FMCW system resolves multiunit sacrificial anode addressing. • Optimized 1.2 cm grating length, 0.1 nm bandwidth, and sliding STFT enable 1.03% mean relative error and 0.297 mm SD. • 3D irregular anode morphology is quantified within 2.7% surface area fitting error for EMI immune offshore wind O&M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Optics Communications is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194521176
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Geometric characterization of offshore sacrificial anodes by ultrasonic FBG sensing using FMCW interferometry.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fu%2C+Guangwei%22">Fu, Guangwei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> earl@cust.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Jiatong%22">Zhang, Jiatong</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Tiexin%22">Zhang, Tiexin</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xia%2C+Xuetao%22">Xia, Xuetao</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jia%2C+Jing%22">Jia, Jing</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Mengye%22">Wang, Mengye</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bi%2C+Weihong%22">Bi, Weihong</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fu%2C+Xinghu%22">Fu, Xinghu</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Optics+Communications%22">Optics Communications</searchLink>. Nov2026, Vol. 617, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fiber+Bragg+gratings%22">Fiber Bragg gratings</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cathodic+protection%22">Cathodic protection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interferometry%22">Interferometry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultrasonic+imaging%22">Ultrasonic imaging</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultrasonic+measurement%22">Ultrasonic measurement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+processing%22">Signal processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Offshore+wind+power+plants%22">Offshore wind power plants</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP) is critical for offshore wind foundations, yet ensuring the real-time integrity of anode materials remains a challenge as traditional monitoring methods are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and lack quantitative spatial capabilities. This paper proposes a quasi-distributed monitoring system based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) pulse-echo ultrasound detection, utilizing optical Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) technology to precisely address multiple sensing units via beat frequency mapping. The optimized FBG sensor had a center wavelength of 1549.2 nm, a grating length of 1.2 cm, and a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.1 nm, and was interrogated by a linearly swept Distributed Feedback (DFB) laser operating around 1549.2 nm with a sweep frequency of 50 Hz. Ultrasonic excitation frequencies of 22 kHz and 400 kHz were used for modulation mechanism verification and pulse-echo thickness detection, respectively. A high-overlap sliding Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) algorithm was developed to extract 400 kHz ultrasonic echoes with sub-microsecond resolution. Continuous 50-frame stability tests demonstrated a standard deviation of 0.297 mm and a mean relative error of 1.03%. Furthermore, quasi-distributed array reconstruction successfully characterized irregular geometries with a surface area fitting error within 2.7%. Eliminating the need for reference electrodes, this EMI-immune scheme offers a novel quantitative tool for the intelligent O&M of offshore wind structures. • A quasi distributed ultrasonic FBG and optical FMCW system resolves multiunit sacrificial anode addressing. • Optimized 1.2 cm grating length, 0.1 nm bandwidth, and sliding STFT enable 1.03% mean relative error and 0.297 mm SD. • 3D irregular anode morphology is quantified within 2.7% surface area fitting error for EMI immune offshore wind O&M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Optics Communications is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=194521176
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.optcom.2026.133429
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Fiber Bragg gratings
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cathodic protection
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interferometry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ultrasonic imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ultrasonic measurement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal processing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Offshore wind power plants
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Geometric characterization of offshore sacrificial anodes by ultrasonic FBG sensing using FMCW interferometry.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Fu, Guangwei
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            NameFull: Zhang, Jiatong
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            NameFull: Zhang, Tiexin
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            NameFull: Xia, Xuetao
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            NameFull: Jia, Jing
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            NameFull: Wang, Mengye
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            NameFull: Bi, Weihong
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 617
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            – TitleFull: Optics Communications
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