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A High-Precision Beamforming Reflectarray Using an Improved Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm and Low-Coupling Element.

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Title: A High-Precision Beamforming Reflectarray Using an Improved Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm and Low-Coupling Element.
Authors: Jiawei, Ren1 22053@bfsu.edu.cn, Zuowen, Li1 lizuowen@bfsu.edu.cn
Source: Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal. Mar2026, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p238-243. 6p.
Subjects: Reflectarray antennas, Beamforming, Mathematical optimization, Antenna design, Particle swarm optimization, Genetic algorithms
Abstract: This paper proposes a high-precision cosecant square beamforming reflectarray using an improved hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) and low-coupling square ring element. Firstly, a novel hybrid PSO-GA algorithm is carried out to optimize the phase distribution of the high-precision beamforming reflectarray. Then, an element is presented whose reflection phase is insensitive to different incident angles and reflection amplitude stable with variations of element size. By using the above-mentioned methods, a high-precision beamforming reflectarray is designed and analyzed. The experimental results show well-defined cosecant squared beams in the predefined direction are achieved in the frequency range from 13.1 to 14.3 GHz and have low loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal is the property of River Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A High-Precision Beamforming Reflectarray Using an Improved Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm and Low-Coupling Element.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiawei%2C+Ren%22">Jiawei, Ren</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> 22053@bfsu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zuowen%2C+Li%22">Zuowen, Li</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> lizuowen@bfsu.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Applied+Computational+Electromagnetics+Society+Journal%22">Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p238-243. 6p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reflectarray+antennas%22">Reflectarray antennas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Beamforming%22">Beamforming</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antenna+design%22">Antenna design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particle+swarm+optimization%22">Particle swarm optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Genetic+algorithms%22">Genetic algorithms</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper proposes a high-precision cosecant square beamforming reflectarray using an improved hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) and low-coupling square ring element. Firstly, a novel hybrid PSO-GA algorithm is carried out to optimize the phase distribution of the high-precision beamforming reflectarray. Then, an element is presented whose reflection phase is insensitive to different incident angles and reflection amplitude stable with variations of element size. By using the above-mentioned methods, a high-precision beamforming reflectarray is designed and analyzed. The experimental results show well-defined cosecant squared beams in the predefined direction are achieved in the frequency range from 13.1 to 14.3 GHz and have low loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal is the property of River Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.13052/2026.ACES.J.410305
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 6
        StartPage: 238
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Reflectarray antennas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Beamforming
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Antenna design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Particle swarm optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Genetic algorithms
        Type: general
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              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
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              Y: 2026
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              Value: 41
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