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Process robustness in reduced-time vacuum carburizing of automotive gear steels.

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Title: Process robustness in reduced-time vacuum carburizing of automotive gear steels.
Authors: Klimeš, Martin1 (AUTHOR), Viliš, Jindřich1 (AUTHOR) jindrich.vilis@unob.cz, Dobrocký, David1 (AUTHOR), Procházka, Jiří1 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Jun2026, Vol. 144 Issue 7/8, p5597-5609. 13p.
Subjects: Carburization, Process optimization, Microstructure, Microhardness, High strength steel, Case hardening
Abstract: This study evaluated the influence of vacuum carburizing parameters on the microstructure, microhardness profile, and case hardening depth (CHD550) of TL 4227 and TL 4521 steels used in highly loaded gear components. Experiments were performed on industrial gear components using an ALD ModulTherm system at 960, 980, and 1,000 °C, followed by gas quenching and tempering. The work focused on industrial validation of VW TL gear steels and shortened carburizing cycles based on previous temperature-focused results. Metallographic examination and microhardness profiling were performed to establish correlations between process parameters and case properties. CHD550 increased from approximately 0.65 mm to 0.9 mm with increasing carburizing temperature, while surface hardness remained around 740 HV1. A reduction of the total carburizing cycle time by approximately 15–20% resulted in a limited decrease in CHD550 (9–12%), while surface hardness, martensitic microstructural homogeneity, and surface integrity were preserved. The carburizing regime at 980 °C provided the most balanced combination of case depth, hardness, and structural homogeneity. Moderate adjustment of carburizing temperature and cycle duration shortened the process while maintaining compliance with VW 50019:2011-05 under the studied industrial conditions and component geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194545594
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Process robustness in reduced-time vacuum carburizing of automotive gear steels.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Klimeš%2C+Martin%22">Klimeš, Martin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Viliš%2C+Jindřich%22">Viliš, Jindřich</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jindrich.vilis@unob.cz</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dobrocký%2C+David%22">Dobrocký, David</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Procházka%2C+Jiří%22">Procházka, Jiří</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Advanced+Manufacturing+Technology%22">International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 144 Issue 7/8, p5597-5609. 13p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carburization%22">Carburization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Process+optimization%22">Process optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microhardness%22">Microhardness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High+strength+steel%22">High strength steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Case+hardening%22">Case hardening</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study evaluated the influence of vacuum carburizing parameters on the microstructure, microhardness profile, and case hardening depth (CHD550) of TL 4227 and TL 4521 steels used in highly loaded gear components. Experiments were performed on industrial gear components using an ALD ModulTherm system at 960, 980, and 1,000 °C, followed by gas quenching and tempering. The work focused on industrial validation of VW TL gear steels and shortened carburizing cycles based on previous temperature-focused results. Metallographic examination and microhardness profiling were performed to establish correlations between process parameters and case properties. CHD550 increased from approximately 0.65 mm to 0.9 mm with increasing carburizing temperature, while surface hardness remained around 740 HV1. A reduction of the total carburizing cycle time by approximately 15–20% resulted in a limited decrease in CHD550 (9–12%), while surface hardness, martensitic microstructural homogeneity, and surface integrity were preserved. The carburizing regime at 980 °C provided the most balanced combination of case depth, hardness, and structural homogeneity. Moderate adjustment of carburizing temperature and cycle duration shortened the process while maintaining compliance with VW 50019:2011-05 under the studied industrial conditions and component geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s00170-026-18226-y
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 5597
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Carburization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Process optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microhardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High strength steel
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      – SubjectFull: Case hardening
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Process robustness in reduced-time vacuum carburizing of automotive gear steels.
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            NameFull: Klimeš, Martin
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            NameFull: Viliš, Jindřich
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            NameFull: Dobrocký, David
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            NameFull: Procházka, Jiří
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 7/8
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
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