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Dual‐Phytocompound‐Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles: Formulation, Characterization, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antitumor Evaluation.

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Title: Dual‐Phytocompound‐Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles: Formulation, Characterization, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antitumor Evaluation.
Authors: Selepe, Cyril Tlou1,2 (AUTHOR), Dhlamini, Khanyisile Sheer1,2 (AUTHOR), Tshweu, Lesego1,3 (AUTHOR), Nxumalo, Zandile4 (AUTHOR), Mongalo, Nkoana Ishmael5 (AUTHOR), Raletsena, Maropeng Vellry5 (AUTHOR), Kwezi, Lusisizwe6 (AUTHOR), Ramalapa, Bathabile1,3 (AUTHOR) bramalapa@csir.co.za, Ray, Suprakas Sinha1,2,7 (AUTHOR) rsuprakas@csir.co.za
Source: Macromolecular Materials & Engineering. Feb2026, Vol. 311 Issue 2, p1-16. 16p.
Subjects: Nanocarriers, Polycaprolactone, Cancer treatment, Drug delivery systems, Antineoplastic agents, Betulinic acid, Antioxidants, Triterpenoids
Abstract: Betulinic acid (BA) and taraxerol (TA) have gained attention for their potent pharmacological antioxidant and antitumor properties. However, their poor water solubility limits clinical use. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocarriers were prepared via a single emulsion–solvent evaporation method to co‐encapsulate BA and TA, thereby improving their solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The resulting particles had an average size of 261 ± 7.70 nm and a zeta potential of −18.00 ± 0.21 mV. Encapsulation efficiency was 82.77% for BA and 69.84% for TA, with drug loadings of 6.57 ± 0.45% and 5.54 ± 0.23%, respectively. XRD study confirmed the formulation's amorphous state, which favors drug dissolution, and TEM showed a spherical shape. In vitro release tests revealed a biphasic pattern: an initial burst followed by sustained release. The co‐encapsulated nanocarriers exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity compared to free and individually encapsulated compounds, as shown by improved free radical scavenging. Additionally, the nanoformulation demonstrated significant antiproliferative effects against HepG2 and HeLa cell lines, indicating strong antitumor potential. These results suggest that PCL nanocarriers co‐loaded with BA and TA provide a versatile and effective platform to enhance the therapeutic effects of natural triterpenoids, with promising applications for managing oxidative stress–related conditions and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Macromolecular Materials & Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Dual‐Phytocompound‐Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles: Formulation, Characterization, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antitumor Evaluation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Selepe%2C+Cyril+Tlou%22">Selepe, Cyril Tlou</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dhlamini%2C+Khanyisile+Sheer%22">Dhlamini, Khanyisile Sheer</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tshweu%2C+Lesego%22">Tshweu, Lesego</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nxumalo%2C+Zandile%22">Nxumalo, Zandile</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mongalo%2C+Nkoana+Ishmael%22">Mongalo, Nkoana Ishmael</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Raletsena%2C+Maropeng+Vellry%22">Raletsena, Maropeng Vellry</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kwezi%2C+Lusisizwe%22">Kwezi, Lusisizwe</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramalapa%2C+Bathabile%22">Ramalapa, Bathabile</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> bramalapa@csir.co.za</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ray%2C+Suprakas+Sinha%22">Ray, Suprakas Sinha</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> rsuprakas@csir.co.za</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Macromolecular+Materials+%26+Engineering%22">Macromolecular Materials & Engineering</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 311 Issue 2, p1-16. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanocarriers%22">Nanocarriers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polycaprolactone%22">Polycaprolactone</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cancer+treatment%22">Cancer treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drug+delivery+systems%22">Drug delivery systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antineoplastic+agents%22">Antineoplastic agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Betulinic+acid%22">Betulinic acid</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antioxidants%22">Antioxidants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Triterpenoids%22">Triterpenoids</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Betulinic acid (BA) and taraxerol (TA) have gained attention for their potent pharmacological antioxidant and antitumor properties. However, their poor water solubility limits clinical use. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocarriers were prepared via a single emulsion–solvent evaporation method to co‐encapsulate BA and TA, thereby improving their solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The resulting particles had an average size of 261 ± 7.70 nm and a zeta potential of −18.00 ± 0.21 mV. Encapsulation efficiency was 82.77% for BA and 69.84% for TA, with drug loadings of 6.57 ± 0.45% and 5.54 ± 0.23%, respectively. XRD study confirmed the formulation's amorphous state, which favors drug dissolution, and TEM showed a spherical shape. In vitro release tests revealed a biphasic pattern: an initial burst followed by sustained release. The co‐encapsulated nanocarriers exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity compared to free and individually encapsulated compounds, as shown by improved free radical scavenging. Additionally, the nanoformulation demonstrated significant antiproliferative effects against HepG2 and HeLa cell lines, indicating strong antitumor potential. These results suggest that PCL nanocarriers co‐loaded with BA and TA provide a versatile and effective platform to enhance the therapeutic effects of natural triterpenoids, with promising applications for managing oxidative stress–related conditions and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Macromolecular Materials & Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/mame.202500456
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Nanocarriers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polycaprolactone
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cancer treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drug delivery systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Antineoplastic agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Betulinic acid
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      – SubjectFull: Antioxidants
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      – SubjectFull: Triterpenoids
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      – TitleFull: Dual‐Phytocompound‐Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles: Formulation, Characterization, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antitumor Evaluation.
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              Text: Feb2026
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              Y: 2026
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