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Comparisons of "gray zone" simulations with one- and three-dimensional planetary boundary layer parameterizations and upscaled large eddy simulations over coastal central California.

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Title: Comparisons of "gray zone" simulations with one- and three-dimensional planetary boundary layer parameterizations and upscaled large eddy simulations over coastal central California.
Authors: A. Hendricks, Eric1 (AUTHOR) erichend@ucar.edu, W. Juliano, Timothy1 (AUTHOR), Ellen Haupt, Sue1 (AUTHOR), A. Sauer, Jeremy1 (AUTHOR), Muñoz-Esparza, Domingo1 (AUTHOR), Kosović, Branko2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology. Jun2026, Vol. 65 Issue 6, p1-19. 19p.
Subjects: Large eddy simulation models, Flow simulations, Weather forecasting, Wind power, Turbulent flow, Atmospheric boundary layer, Atmospheric physics
Geographic Terms: California
Abstract: Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations at a "gray zone" horizontal grid spacing of Δ x = 200 m are compared with upscaled large eddy simulations (LES) with the FastEddy ® model and observations over coastal central California to understand and characterize high-resolution turbulent flows for offshore wind resource assessment. A case study of a strong coastal low level jet is examined, resulting from the typical spring and summertime conditions of a broad subtropical ridge in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. The WRF model simulations use three different planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations: two one-dimensional (1D) parameterizations and a three-dimensional (3D) parameterization, ideally suited for simulating flows at "gray zone" horizontal resolutions. Similarities and differences between the WRF model simulations and upscaled LES are assessed. Overall, the WRF model simulations compare reasonably well with the upscaled LES in simulating the coastal flows, and both the upscaled LES and WRF model simulations compare favorably with observations. The WRF 3D PBL simulation compares most favorably with the upscaled LES, in particular in simulating distributions of vertical velocity over the ocean and land and in capturing energetic small-scale structures, due to its more realistic treatment of horizontal mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Comparisons of "gray zone" simulations with one- and three-dimensional planetary boundary layer parameterizations and upscaled large eddy simulations over coastal central California.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22A%2E+Hendricks%2C+Eric%22">A. Hendricks, Eric</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> erichend@ucar.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22W%2E+Juliano%2C+Timothy%22">W. Juliano, Timothy</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ellen+Haupt%2C+Sue%22">Ellen Haupt, Sue</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22A%2E+Sauer%2C+Jeremy%22">A. Sauer, Jeremy</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Muñoz-Esparza%2C+Domingo%22">Muñoz-Esparza, Domingo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kosović%2C+Branko%22">Kosović, Branko</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology+%26+Climatology%22">Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 65 Issue 6, p1-19. 19p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Large+eddy+simulation+models%22">Large eddy simulation models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+simulations%22">Flow simulations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Weather+forecasting%22">Weather forecasting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wind+power%22">Wind power</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Turbulent+flow%22">Turbulent flow</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+boundary+layer%22">Atmospheric boundary layer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+physics%22">Atmospheric physics</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22California%22">California</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations at a "gray zone" horizontal grid spacing of Δ x = 200 m are compared with upscaled large eddy simulations (LES) with the FastEddy ® model and observations over coastal central California to understand and characterize high-resolution turbulent flows for offshore wind resource assessment. A case study of a strong coastal low level jet is examined, resulting from the typical spring and summertime conditions of a broad subtropical ridge in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. The WRF model simulations use three different planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations: two one-dimensional (1D) parameterizations and a three-dimensional (3D) parameterization, ideally suited for simulating flows at "gray zone" horizontal resolutions. Similarities and differences between the WRF model simulations and upscaled LES are assessed. Overall, the WRF model simulations compare reasonably well with the upscaled LES in simulating the coastal flows, and both the upscaled LES and WRF model simulations compare favorably with observations. The WRF 3D PBL simulation compares most favorably with the upscaled LES, in particular in simulating distributions of vertical velocity over the ocean and land and in capturing energetic small-scale structures, due to its more realistic treatment of horizontal mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=194578050
RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1175/JAMC-D-25-0185.1
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Large eddy simulation models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flow simulations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Weather forecasting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wind power
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Turbulent flow
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric boundary layer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric physics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: California
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Comparisons of "gray zone" simulations with one- and three-dimensional planetary boundary layer parameterizations and upscaled large eddy simulations over coastal central California.
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          Name:
            NameFull: A. Hendricks, Eric
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            NameFull: W. Juliano, Timothy
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            NameFull: Ellen Haupt, Sue
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            NameFull: A. Sauer, Jeremy
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            NameFull: Muñoz-Esparza, Domingo
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 65
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology
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