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An Autoregressive Steady-State Compensation Method for Cross-Correlation Interference Suppression in GPS-Based Passive Radar.

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Title: An Autoregressive Steady-State Compensation Method for Cross-Correlation Interference Suppression in GPS-Based Passive Radar.
Authors: Xu, Fan1 (AUTHOR), Jiang, Chenghao2 (AUTHOR) jiangchenghao@xidian.edu.cn, Tang, Shiyang1 (AUTHOR), Luo, Feng1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Linrang1 (AUTHOR), Luo, Xianxian2 (AUTHOR), He, Zixuan1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1729. 33p.
Subjects: Interference suppression, Signal frequency estimation, Passive radar, Global Positioning System, Signal reconstruction, Bistatic radar
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? By introducing an autoregressive backward-extrapolation strategy to compensate convergence-stage frequency estimation errors, the proposed autoregressive steady-state compensation (ARSSC) method achieves up to 7.4 dB interference suppression ratio (ISR) improvement over conventional reconstruction approaches in simulation, and an ablation study confirms a 14.5 dB advantage over polynomial extrapolation. Real-data experiments under different field scenarios yield a 6.3 dB ISR improvement over traditional reconstruction, and the airport aircraft case raises the detection probability from 17.6% to over 99% at Pfa = 10−4. What are the implications of the main findings? Since mainlobe interference from multiple Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites is prevalent and unavoidable in passive bistatic radar (PBR) for aerial target detection, the ARSSC framework addresses a fundamental performance bottleneck, substantially expanding the feasible surveillance coverage of GNSS-based PBR systems. The data-driven autoregressive (AR) compensation strategy requires no prior knowledge of noise statistics, offering a lightweight and generalizable solution for frequency estimation error correction in GNSS-based passive radar signal reconstruction. GPS-based passive bistatic radar (PBR) benefits from global satellite coverage for target surveillance. However, multiple GPS satellites within the PBR mainlobe generate cross-correlation interference (CCI) that severely masks target echoes, reducing the detection probability to zero across significant portions of the surveillance area. Existing reconstruction-based suppression methods rely on iterative frequency estimation, which introduces substantial errors during the convergence stage of the tracking loop, leading to degraded interference suppression performance. This paper proposes an autoregressive steady-state compensation (ARSSC) method to address this limitation. First, a precise carrier frequency estimation model is established to accelerate convergence and improve tracking accuracy. Second, the frequency estimation outputs are partitioned into convergence and steady-state stages, and a p-th order autoregressive (AR) model is fitted to the steady-state estimates. A compensation function is then derived from the AR model to correct the frequency errors in the convergence stage. Finally, the compensated reconstructed CCI signals are used to construct an interference subspace, and a projection-based algorithm suppresses the CCI from the surveillance signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ARSSC method achieves a maximum interference suppression improvement of 7.4 dB compared to conventional reconstruction approaches. Real-data experiments conducted under different field scenarios further validate the method, yielding a 6.3 dB interference suppression ratio (ISR) improvement over traditional reconstruction techniques in both tested cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: An Autoregressive Steady-State Compensation Method for Cross-Correlation Interference Suppression in GPS-Based Passive Radar.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1729. 33p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interference+suppression%22">Interference suppression</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+frequency+estimation%22">Signal frequency estimation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Passive+radar%22">Passive radar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Global+Positioning+System%22">Global Positioning System</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+reconstruction%22">Signal reconstruction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bistatic+radar%22">Bistatic radar</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? By introducing an autoregressive backward-extrapolation strategy to compensate convergence-stage frequency estimation errors, the proposed autoregressive steady-state compensation (ARSSC) method achieves up to 7.4 dB interference suppression ratio (ISR) improvement over conventional reconstruction approaches in simulation, and an ablation study confirms a 14.5 dB advantage over polynomial extrapolation. Real-data experiments under different field scenarios yield a 6.3 dB ISR improvement over traditional reconstruction, and the airport aircraft case raises the detection probability from 17.6% to over 99% at Pfa = 10−4. What are the implications of the main findings? Since mainlobe interference from multiple Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites is prevalent and unavoidable in passive bistatic radar (PBR) for aerial target detection, the ARSSC framework addresses a fundamental performance bottleneck, substantially expanding the feasible surveillance coverage of GNSS-based PBR systems. The data-driven autoregressive (AR) compensation strategy requires no prior knowledge of noise statistics, offering a lightweight and generalizable solution for frequency estimation error correction in GNSS-based passive radar signal reconstruction. GPS-based passive bistatic radar (PBR) benefits from global satellite coverage for target surveillance. However, multiple GPS satellites within the PBR mainlobe generate cross-correlation interference (CCI) that severely masks target echoes, reducing the detection probability to zero across significant portions of the surveillance area. Existing reconstruction-based suppression methods rely on iterative frequency estimation, which introduces substantial errors during the convergence stage of the tracking loop, leading to degraded interference suppression performance. This paper proposes an autoregressive steady-state compensation (ARSSC) method to address this limitation. First, a precise carrier frequency estimation model is established to accelerate convergence and improve tracking accuracy. Second, the frequency estimation outputs are partitioned into convergence and steady-state stages, and a p-th order autoregressive (AR) model is fitted to the steady-state estimates. A compensation function is then derived from the AR model to correct the frequency errors in the convergence stage. Finally, the compensated reconstructed CCI signals are used to construct an interference subspace, and a projection-based algorithm suppresses the CCI from the surveillance signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ARSSC method achieves a maximum interference suppression improvement of 7.4 dB compared to conventional reconstruction approaches. Real-data experiments conducted under different field scenarios further validate the method, yielding a 6.3 dB interference suppression ratio (ISR) improvement over traditional reconstruction techniques in both tested cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs18111729
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 33
        StartPage: 1729
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Interference suppression
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal frequency estimation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Passive radar
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Global Positioning System
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal reconstruction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bistatic radar
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: An Autoregressive Steady-State Compensation Method for Cross-Correlation Interference Suppression in GPS-Based Passive Radar.
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            NameFull: Xu, Fan
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            NameFull: Tang, Shiyang
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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