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Enabling Real-Time Imaging and Onboard RFI Localization for Three-Level Quantized Microwave Interferometric Radiometers.

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Title: Enabling Real-Time Imaging and Onboard RFI Localization for Three-Level Quantized Microwave Interferometric Radiometers.
Authors: Zhang, Ziyang1,2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Hao1,2 (AUTHOR) liuhao@mirslab.cn, Han, Donghao1 (AUTHOR), Tong, Xing1,2 (AUTHOR), Lu, Hao1 (AUTHOR), Huo, Changxing1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1734. 19p.
Subjects: Brightness temperature, Radio interference, Estimation theory, Signal quantization, Microwave radiometers, Optimization algorithms, Electronic data processing, Image reconstruction
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? Real-time brightness temperature (TB) reconstruction for microwave interferometric radiometers (MIRs) is achieved through the development of fast estimation algorithms for the normalized three-level quantization threshold. An onboard real-time data processing framework is established for three-level quantization MIRs, enabling real-time TB imaging and radio frequency interference (RFI) localization based on real-time reconstructed TB images. What is the implication of the main finding? Microwave interferometric radiometers with real-time imaging capability can significantly improve in-orbit intelligent observation performance, particularly for onboard RFI processing, information extraction, and fusion. This also enables new application scenarios, such as an alternative vision under degraded visual environments (DVE). Real-time imaging processing for microwave interferometric radiometer (MIR) has great potential in various application fields, such as onboard data processing, onboard information fusion, and alternative visual applications. The primary challenge lies in the computational complexity of the entire processing chain, including both visibility function preprocessing and brightness temperature (TB) reconstruction. In this study, the real-time estimation of the normalized threshold level is identified as the key step for enabling real-time imaging of three-level quantized MIR systems. Three algorithms—Acklam's algorithm (AKA), polynomial fitting algorithm (PFA), and Taylor expansion algorithm (TEA)—are proposed and evaluated. The PFA provides a favorable balance between estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. Leveraging the proposed algorithms, this paper further establishes an onboard real-time processing framework for three-level quantization MIRs, enabling real-time TB imaging and radio frequency interference (RFI) localization. A real-time imaging experiment was carried out with a 15-element, 50 GHz one-dimensional MIR system, which demonstrates real-time imaging of fast-moving vehicles on the expressway with greatly reduced computational latency (an imaging time of 570.9 μs for 159 baselines). A further flight experiment employing an L-band system verifies the feasibility of onboard RFI localization, and the proposed real-time RFI localization method shows an average angular deviation of 0.32° with respect to an offline MUSIC estimator, corresponding to 2.1% of the nominal spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Enabling Real-Time Imaging and Onboard RFI Localization for Three-Level Quantized Microwave Interferometric Radiometers.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1734. 19p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brightness+temperature%22">Brightness temperature</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radio+interference%22">Radio interference</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Estimation+theory%22">Estimation theory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+quantization%22">Signal quantization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+radiometers%22">Microwave radiometers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optimization+algorithms%22">Optimization algorithms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+data+processing%22">Electronic data processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Image+reconstruction%22">Image reconstruction</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? Real-time brightness temperature (TB) reconstruction for microwave interferometric radiometers (MIRs) is achieved through the development of fast estimation algorithms for the normalized three-level quantization threshold. An onboard real-time data processing framework is established for three-level quantization MIRs, enabling real-time TB imaging and radio frequency interference (RFI) localization based on real-time reconstructed TB images. What is the implication of the main finding? Microwave interferometric radiometers with real-time imaging capability can significantly improve in-orbit intelligent observation performance, particularly for onboard RFI processing, information extraction, and fusion. This also enables new application scenarios, such as an alternative vision under degraded visual environments (DVE). Real-time imaging processing for microwave interferometric radiometer (MIR) has great potential in various application fields, such as onboard data processing, onboard information fusion, and alternative visual applications. The primary challenge lies in the computational complexity of the entire processing chain, including both visibility function preprocessing and brightness temperature (TB) reconstruction. In this study, the real-time estimation of the normalized threshold level is identified as the key step for enabling real-time imaging of three-level quantized MIR systems. Three algorithms—Acklam's algorithm (AKA), polynomial fitting algorithm (PFA), and Taylor expansion algorithm (TEA)—are proposed and evaluated. The PFA provides a favorable balance between estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. Leveraging the proposed algorithms, this paper further establishes an onboard real-time processing framework for three-level quantization MIRs, enabling real-time TB imaging and radio frequency interference (RFI) localization. A real-time imaging experiment was carried out with a 15-element, 50 GHz one-dimensional MIR system, which demonstrates real-time imaging of fast-moving vehicles on the expressway with greatly reduced computational latency (an imaging time of 570.9 μs for 159 baselines). A further flight experiment employing an L-band system verifies the feasibility of onboard RFI localization, and the proposed real-time RFI localization method shows an average angular deviation of 0.32° with respect to an offline MUSIC estimator, corresponding to 2.1% of the nominal spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs18111734
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 1734
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Brightness temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radio interference
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Estimation theory
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal quantization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microwave radiometers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optimization algorithms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electronic data processing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Image reconstruction
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Enabling Real-Time Imaging and Onboard RFI Localization for Three-Level Quantized Microwave Interferometric Radiometers.
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            NameFull: Zhang, Ziyang
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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