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Reliable Underwater Acoustic Telemetry for Ocean Remote Sensing Platforms: Channel-Prediction-Based Adaptive Polar–Raptor Coded OFDM.

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Title: Reliable Underwater Acoustic Telemetry for Ocean Remote Sensing Platforms: Channel-Prediction-Based Adaptive Polar–Raptor Coded OFDM.
Authors: Park, Saeyong1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Seunggyu1 (AUTHOR), Lee, Hyosong1 (AUTHOR), Im, Taeho1 (AUTHOR) taehoim@hoseo.edu
Source: Remote Sensing. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1747. 28p.
Subjects: Underwater acoustic telemetry, Error-correcting codes, Underwater acoustic communication, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Signal processing, Channel estimation, Remote sensing
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? We proposed a two-layer coded OFDM transmission scheme that combines Polar codes for bit-error correction and Raptor codes for packet-erasure recovery. The proposed adaptive link achieves a throughput gain of 20–39% compared to fixed-overhead methods across various underwater scenarios, including deep-water environments. What are the implications of the main findings? The study demonstrates that optimal transmission parameters can be determined in real-time through channel prediction (TMSBL and SRUKF), effectively overcoming long propagation delays in underwater links. These results provide a robust foundation for enhancing the operational efficiency of underwater platforms, such as AUVs and seabed observatories, by ensuring reliable high-speed data telemetry. Long propagation delays, severe multipaths, and narrow bandwidths make feedback-based link adaptation impractical in UWA channels at kilometer ranges, so we replace the feedback step with a prediction step. The transmitter runs a two-layer coded OFDM link in which Polar codes handle bit errors, and Raptor fountain codes handle packet erasures, with the Raptor overhead (OH) as the only real-time knob. The OH is picked from a lookup table indexed by three quantities the receiver can estimate online: SNR, RMS delay spread, and Doppler frequency. Two CSI predictors feed that table: Temporal Multiple Sparse Bayesian Learning (TMSBL), which exploits delay-domain sparsity, and the Square-Root Unscented Kalman Filter (SRUKF), which tracks per-subcarrier variations. We evaluate the system in five channel environments (AWGN, Rayleigh, K-distribution, Bellhop ray-tracing, and synthetic proxies parameterized from the KAM11 and WATERMARK sea-trial statistics). Across the nine Bellhop scenarios, the adaptive link's throughput gain over a fixed-OH ( OH = 1.5 ) baseline at SNR = 4 dB spans roughly − 4 % to + 30 % , with the largest benefit in the marginal short-range cases (shallow 500 m, + 30 % ) where the fixed baseline is most over-provisioned and near-parity elsewhere. The scheme's principal benefit is collapse prevention, tracking the Oracle within the safety margin and avoiding the throughput collapse the fixed baseline suffers at low SNRs. This effect is specific to the physically structured Bellhop channels; in the homogeneous Rayleigh and K-distribution channels, both schemes enter deep outage at very low SNRs, so it is not a universal guarantee. A 1000-trial high-resolution Rayleigh campaign sharpens the head-to-head between predictors: at SNR = 4 dB, SRUKF + OH reaches PER 0.048 (95% Wilson CI [ 0.036 ,   0.063 ] ) and TMSBL + OH reaches 0.071 ( [ 0.057 ,   0.089 ] ), and at SNR = 12 dB, their throughputs ( 0.748 and 0.746 ) are statistically indistinguishable from each other (95% Wilson halfwidth ∼ ± 0.014) and lie close to the Oracle's 0.768 (within ∼ 0.02 ). The two predictors therefore occupy overlapping operating regions once the safety margin is matched, and a sparsity-dependent tendency (TMSBL in sparse multipath, SRUKF in dense multipath) appears only in physically structured channels and only at the n = 100 screening level, where it is not statistically resolved and would benefit from higher-trial confirmation. A finite-blocklength check confirms that CA-SCL-decoded Polar codes at N = 128 stay within 0.5 dB of the Polyanskiy normal approximation, which makes Polar a sensible inner code at UWA block lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Reliable Underwater Acoustic Telemetry for Ocean Remote Sensing Platforms: Channel-Prediction-Based Adaptive Polar–Raptor Coded OFDM.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Park%2C+Saeyong%22">Park, Saeyong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Seunggyu%22">Kim, Seunggyu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Hyosong%22">Lee, Hyosong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Im%2C+Taeho%22">Im, Taeho</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> taehoim@hoseo.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1747. 28p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Underwater+acoustic+telemetry%22">Underwater acoustic telemetry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Error-correcting+codes%22">Error-correcting codes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Underwater+acoustic+communication%22">Underwater acoustic communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Orthogonal+frequency+division+multiplexing%22">Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+processing%22">Signal processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Channel+estimation%22">Channel estimation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote+sensing%22">Remote sensing</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? We proposed a two-layer coded OFDM transmission scheme that combines Polar codes for bit-error correction and Raptor codes for packet-erasure recovery. The proposed adaptive link achieves a throughput gain of 20–39% compared to fixed-overhead methods across various underwater scenarios, including deep-water environments. What are the implications of the main findings? The study demonstrates that optimal transmission parameters can be determined in real-time through channel prediction (TMSBL and SRUKF), effectively overcoming long propagation delays in underwater links. These results provide a robust foundation for enhancing the operational efficiency of underwater platforms, such as AUVs and seabed observatories, by ensuring reliable high-speed data telemetry. Long propagation delays, severe multipaths, and narrow bandwidths make feedback-based link adaptation impractical in UWA channels at kilometer ranges, so we replace the feedback step with a prediction step. The transmitter runs a two-layer coded OFDM link in which Polar codes handle bit errors, and Raptor fountain codes handle packet erasures, with the Raptor overhead (OH) as the only real-time knob. The OH is picked from a lookup table indexed by three quantities the receiver can estimate online: SNR, RMS delay spread, and Doppler frequency. Two CSI predictors feed that table: Temporal Multiple Sparse Bayesian Learning (TMSBL), which exploits delay-domain sparsity, and the Square-Root Unscented Kalman Filter (SRUKF), which tracks per-subcarrier variations. We evaluate the system in five channel environments (AWGN, Rayleigh, K-distribution, Bellhop ray-tracing, and synthetic proxies parameterized from the KAM11 and WATERMARK sea-trial statistics). Across the nine Bellhop scenarios, the adaptive link's throughput gain over a fixed-OH ( OH = 1.5 ) baseline at SNR = 4 dB spans roughly − 4 % to + 30 % , with the largest benefit in the marginal short-range cases (shallow 500 m, + 30 % ) where the fixed baseline is most over-provisioned and near-parity elsewhere. The scheme's principal benefit is collapse prevention, tracking the Oracle within the safety margin and avoiding the throughput collapse the fixed baseline suffers at low SNRs. This effect is specific to the physically structured Bellhop channels; in the homogeneous Rayleigh and K-distribution channels, both schemes enter deep outage at very low SNRs, so it is not a universal guarantee. A 1000-trial high-resolution Rayleigh campaign sharpens the head-to-head between predictors: at SNR = 4 dB, SRUKF + OH reaches PER 0.048 (95% Wilson CI [ 0.036 ,   0.063 ] ) and TMSBL + OH reaches 0.071 ( [ 0.057 ,   0.089 ] ), and at SNR = 12 dB, their throughputs ( 0.748 and 0.746 ) are statistically indistinguishable from each other (95% Wilson halfwidth ∼ ± 0.014) and lie close to the Oracle's 0.768 (within ∼ 0.02 ). The two predictors therefore occupy overlapping operating regions once the safety margin is matched, and a sparsity-dependent tendency (TMSBL in sparse multipath, SRUKF in dense multipath) appears only in physically structured channels and only at the n = 100 screening level, where it is not statistically resolved and would benefit from higher-trial confirmation. A finite-blocklength check confirms that CA-SCL-decoded Polar codes at N = 128 stay within 0.5 dB of the Polyanskiy normal approximation, which makes Polar a sensible inner code at UWA block lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/rs18111747
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 28
        StartPage: 1747
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Underwater acoustic telemetry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Error-correcting codes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Underwater acoustic communication
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal processing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Channel estimation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Remote sensing
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Reliable Underwater Acoustic Telemetry for Ocean Remote Sensing Platforms: Channel-Prediction-Based Adaptive Polar–Raptor Coded OFDM.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Park, Saeyong
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            NameFull: Kim, Seunggyu
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            NameFull: Lee, Hyosong
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            NameFull: Im, Taeho
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Remote Sensing
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