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Factorial Optimization of Secondary Annealing Parameters for Enhanced Magnetic Performance in M4 Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Toroidal Cores.

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Title: Factorial Optimization of Secondary Annealing Parameters for Enhanced Magnetic Performance in M4 Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Toroidal Cores.
Authors: Moreno-Ríos, Alma Lilia1 (AUTHOR), Zúñiga-Avilés, Luis Adrián2 (AUTHOR), Herrera-Ramírez, José Martín3 (AUTHOR), Carreño-Gallardo, Caleb1,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2203. 23p.
Subjects: Heat treatment, Magnetic properties, Magnetic cores, Recrystallization (Metallurgy), Factorial experiment designs, Iron-silicon alloys, Electrical steel
Abstract: Grain-oriented (GO) silicon steel cores in low-voltage current transformers suffer magnetic degradation from residual stress and increased dislocation density during slitting and winding. This study addresses the gap in systematic optimization of secondary annealing on assembled toroidal cores using a 32 full-factorial design varying temperature (650, 850, 1050 °C) and holding time (60, 90, 120 min) on M4 grade cores. Results showed temperature is the dominant factor, while holding time exhibits a synergistic non-linear effect. The optimal condition (850 °C, 90 min) reduced specific losses from 0.85 W/kg to 0.43 W/kg (49% reduction). Mechanistic analysis confirmed this improvement is driven by complete primary recrystallization (equiaxed grains ~50–60 µm), dislocation annihilation (~10 HV hardness reduction), and reinforcement of the Goss texture ({110} <001>). SEM, EDS, and ICP-OES demonstrated that the Carlite coating remained dimensionally (1.67–1.83 µm) and chemically stable, with beneficial decarburization. Temperatures above 850 °C caused magnetic deterioration due to excessive grain growth. These results provide a validated, industrial framework for recovering magnetic efficiency in wound toroidal cores without compromising coating integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194587114
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Factorial Optimization of Secondary Annealing Parameters for Enhanced Magnetic Performance in M4 Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Toroidal Cores.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22&quot;&gt;Materials (1996-1944)&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2203. 23p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Grain-oriented (GO) silicon steel cores in low-voltage current transformers suffer magnetic degradation from residual stress and increased dislocation density during slitting and winding. This study addresses the gap in systematic optimization of secondary annealing on assembled toroidal cores using a 32 full-factorial design varying temperature (650, 850, 1050 &#176;C) and holding time (60, 90, 120 min) on M4 grade cores. Results showed temperature is the dominant factor, while holding time exhibits a synergistic non-linear effect. The optimal condition (850 &#176;C, 90 min) reduced specific losses from 0.85 W/kg to 0.43 W/kg (49% reduction). Mechanistic analysis confirmed this improvement is driven by complete primary recrystallization (equiaxed grains ~50–60 &#181;m), dislocation annihilation (~10 HV hardness reduction), and reinforcement of the Goss texture ({110} &lt;001&gt;). SEM, EDS, and ICP-OES demonstrated that the Carlite coating remained dimensionally (1.67–1.83 &#181;m) and chemically stable, with beneficial decarburization. Temperatures above 850 &#176;C caused magnetic deterioration due to excessive grain growth. These results provide a validated, industrial framework for recovering magnetic efficiency in wound toroidal cores without compromising coating integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19112203
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 2203
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Heat treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic cores
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Recrystallization (Metallurgy)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Factorial experiment designs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Iron-silicon alloys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrical steel
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Factorial Optimization of Secondary Annealing Parameters for Enhanced Magnetic Performance in M4 Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Toroidal Cores.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Moreno-Ríos, Alma Lilia
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            NameFull: Zúñiga-Avilés, Luis Adrián
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            NameFull: Herrera-Ramírez, José Martín
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            NameFull: Carreño-Gallardo, Caleb
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961944
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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