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Design of Functionally Graded Alloys for Locks Highly Resistant to Ultrasonic Detector Attacks.

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Title: Design of Functionally Graded Alloys for Locks Highly Resistant to Ultrasonic Detector Attacks.
Authors: Matić, Luka1,2 (AUTHOR) luka.matic@fer.hr, Petošić, Antonio2,3 (AUTHOR), Šunde, Viktor3,4 (AUTHOR), Ban, Željko2,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2268. 22p.
Subjects: Functionally gradient materials, Ultrasonic measurement, Finite element method, Materials science, Personal security, Mechanical vibration research, Mathematical optimization, Electronic locking devices
Abstract: Mechanical locks have not been fully replaced by electrical locks and are still being researched and improved, along with advanced electronic methods of attack. Moreover, reading pin lengths by detecting their natural frequencies (lock decoding) to forge copies of a legitimate key can be done quickly using active or passive ultrasonic detectors. One possible method of defence against them is manufacturing lock pins using functionally graded materials (FGMs). A pin's natural frequency (in the range 100 kHz–1 MHz) and hence its ultrasonic pulse transit/reflection time can be correlated to its length if it is made of a homogeneous material. The idea is to design pins made of functionally graded alloys to achieve equal natural frequencies, but also desired positions of standing wave nodes regardless of pin length. To calculate the composition of the FGM alloy, we must first develop mathematical models of a pin's vibrations. Two simple and fast mathematical models are first derived from the finite-element model (FEM) of a pin. These models are used in an optimization procedure based on the Nelder–Mead simplex method to calculate optimal profiles of Young's modulus and density along a pin's longitudinal axis. A successful optimization procedure for 10 key pin lengths is performed to make a pin-tumbler lock resistant to ultrasonic attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194587179
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Design of Functionally Graded Alloys for Locks Highly Resistant to Ultrasonic Detector Attacks.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Matić%2C+Luka%22">Matić, Luka</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> luka.matic@fer.hr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Petošić%2C+Antonio%22">Petošić, Antonio</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Šunde%2C+Viktor%22">Šunde, Viktor</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ban%2C+Željko%22">Ban, Željko</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2268. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Functionally+gradient+materials%22">Functionally gradient materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultrasonic+measurement%22">Ultrasonic measurement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finite+element+method%22">Finite element method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Materials+science%22">Materials science</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Personal+security%22">Personal security</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+vibration+research%22">Mechanical vibration research</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+locking+devices%22">Electronic locking devices</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Mechanical locks have not been fully replaced by electrical locks and are still being researched and improved, along with advanced electronic methods of attack. Moreover, reading pin lengths by detecting their natural frequencies (lock decoding) to forge copies of a legitimate key can be done quickly using active or passive ultrasonic detectors. One possible method of defence against them is manufacturing lock pins using functionally graded materials (FGMs). A pin's natural frequency (in the range 100 kHz–1 MHz) and hence its ultrasonic pulse transit/reflection time can be correlated to its length if it is made of a homogeneous material. The idea is to design pins made of functionally graded alloys to achieve equal natural frequencies, but also desired positions of standing wave nodes regardless of pin length. To calculate the composition of the FGM alloy, we must first develop mathematical models of a pin's vibrations. Two simple and fast mathematical models are first derived from the finite-element model (FEM) of a pin. These models are used in an optimization procedure based on the Nelder–Mead simplex method to calculate optimal profiles of Young's modulus and density along a pin's longitudinal axis. A successful optimization procedure for 10 key pin lengths is performed to make a pin-tumbler lock resistant to ultrasonic attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19112268
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 2268
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Functionally gradient materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ultrasonic measurement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Materials science
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Personal security
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical vibration research
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electronic locking devices
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Design of Functionally Graded Alloys for Locks Highly Resistant to Ultrasonic Detector Attacks.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Matić, Luka
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Petošić, Antonio
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Šunde, Viktor
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Ban, Željko
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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