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The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of P91 Steel for High-Temperature Applications.

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Title: The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of P91 Steel for High-Temperature Applications.
Authors: Kowalczyk-Skoczylas, Karolina1 (AUTHOR) karolina.kowalczyk@us.edu.pl, Gawron, Agata2 (AUTHOR), Aniołek, Krzysztof1,3 (AUTHOR), Matyja, Edyta1 (AUTHOR), Skwarski, Mateusz2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2281. 15p.
Subjects: Heat treatment, Tempering, Microstructure, Tensile strength, Chromium molybdenum steel, Mechanical behavior of materials, Martensite, Heat resistant materials
Abstract: The effect of high-temperature heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of post-operation P91 steel (X10CrWMoVNb9-1) was investigated. The tensile test results confirmed the significant effects of heat treatment type and duration on the properties of P91 steel. The absence of tempering resulted in high strength, reduced ductility, and limited microstructural stability. The tensile strength after normalization was nearly twice as high (1330 MPa) than the UTS value of the as-received sample (692 MPa). The decrease in elongation (9.9%) was related to the presence of supersaturated martensite in the microstructure. Tempering at 780 °C for 4 h with air cooling decreased the strength to UTS = 642 MPa and simultaneously increased the ductility (EL = 11.2%) at a hardness of 240 HV0.1. These changes were associated with microstructural evolution, including the formation and dispersion of precipitates. The most uniform microstructure, characterized by a relatively even distribution of 0.30 µm precipitates and reduced martensitic morphology, was observed after double tempering for 2 h + 2 h at 780 °C with air cooling. High-temperature tempering significantly changed the fracture characteristics and fracture morphology, eliminating martensite brittleness while gradually restoring the ductile nature of the fracture. The results indicate that controlled tempering allows for the formation of a stable microstructure with balanced mechanical properties suitable for high-temperature operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194587192
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of P91 Steel for High-Temperature Applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2281. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+treatment%22">Heat treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tempering%22">Tempering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tensile+strength%22">Tensile strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chromium+molybdenum+steel%22">Chromium molybdenum steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Martensite%22">Martensite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+resistant+materials%22">Heat resistant materials</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The effect of high-temperature heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of post-operation P91 steel (X10CrWMoVNb9-1) was investigated. The tensile test results confirmed the significant effects of heat treatment type and duration on the properties of P91 steel. The absence of tempering resulted in high strength, reduced ductility, and limited microstructural stability. The tensile strength after normalization was nearly twice as high (1330 MPa) than the UTS value of the as-received sample (692 MPa). The decrease in elongation (9.9%) was related to the presence of supersaturated martensite in the microstructure. Tempering at 780 °C for 4 h with air cooling decreased the strength to UTS = 642 MPa and simultaneously increased the ductility (EL = 11.2%) at a hardness of 240 HV0.1. These changes were associated with microstructural evolution, including the formation and dispersion of precipitates. The most uniform microstructure, characterized by a relatively even distribution of 0.30 µm precipitates and reduced martensitic morphology, was observed after double tempering for 2 h + 2 h at 780 °C with air cooling. High-temperature tempering significantly changed the fracture characteristics and fracture morphology, eliminating martensite brittleness while gradually restoring the ductile nature of the fracture. The results indicate that controlled tempering allows for the formation of a stable microstructure with balanced mechanical properties suitable for high-temperature operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19112281
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
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      – SubjectFull: Heat treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tempering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tensile strength
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chromium molybdenum steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Martensite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat resistant materials
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of P91 Steel for High-Temperature Applications.
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            NameFull: Kowalczyk-Skoczylas, Karolina
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            NameFull: Gawron, Agata
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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