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Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Adhesion Between Regenerative Coatings and Steel Substrates.

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Title: Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Adhesion Between Regenerative Coatings and Steel Substrates.
Authors: Kowalczyk, Jakub1 (AUTHOR) jakub.kowalczyk@put.poznan.pl, Jósko, Marian1,2 (AUTHOR), Matysiak, Waldemar1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2313. 16p.
Subjects: Ultrasonic testing, Adhesives, Nondestructive testing, Imperfection, Cohesion, Coatings industry, Substrates (Materials science)
Abstract: The rise in resource consumption and environmental pressures are driving the development of a circular economy, in which the remanufacturing of machine and vehicle parts plays a significant role. Despite numerous studies on regeneration technologies (including additive manufacturing, cladding, and spraying), the literature lacks analyses concerning the non-destructive evaluation of the coating–substrate bond quality—when tested from the substrate side. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the ultrasonic method for the detection of defects (delaminations, detachments) in the adhesive joint between the regenerative coating and the base material. The study demonstrated that the ultrasonic method enables non-destructive, portable, and single-sided inspection of the integrity of the coating–substrate interface, making it a useful tool in industrial practice. Fifteen samples (including one reference sample) of varying thicknesses (from 1.9 µm to 1753.9 µm) were tested using ultrasonic probes with frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 20 MHz. It was found that the adhesion of coatings approximately 74 µm thick can be estimated using an ultrasonic wave with a frequency of 1.66 MHz, whereas for coatings approximately 250 µm thick, adhesion can be estimated using higher frequencies, i.e., from 2.75 to 20 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194587224
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Adhesion Between Regenerative Coatings and Steel Substrates.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kowalczyk%2C+Jakub%22">Kowalczyk, Jakub</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jakub.kowalczyk@put.poznan.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jósko%2C+Marian%22">Jósko, Marian</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Matysiak%2C+Waldemar%22">Matysiak, Waldemar</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2313. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultrasonic+testing%22">Ultrasonic testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adhesives%22">Adhesives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nondestructive+testing%22">Nondestructive testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Imperfection%22">Imperfection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cohesion%22">Cohesion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coatings+industry%22">Coatings industry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Substrates+%28Materials+science%29%22">Substrates (Materials science)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The rise in resource consumption and environmental pressures are driving the development of a circular economy, in which the remanufacturing of machine and vehicle parts plays a significant role. Despite numerous studies on regeneration technologies (including additive manufacturing, cladding, and spraying), the literature lacks analyses concerning the non-destructive evaluation of the coating–substrate bond quality—when tested from the substrate side. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the ultrasonic method for the detection of defects (delaminations, detachments) in the adhesive joint between the regenerative coating and the base material. The study demonstrated that the ultrasonic method enables non-destructive, portable, and single-sided inspection of the integrity of the coating–substrate interface, making it a useful tool in industrial practice. Fifteen samples (including one reference sample) of varying thicknesses (from 1.9 µm to 1753.9 µm) were tested using ultrasonic probes with frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 20 MHz. It was found that the adhesion of coatings approximately 74 µm thick can be estimated using an ultrasonic wave with a frequency of 1.66 MHz, whereas for coatings approximately 250 µm thick, adhesion can be estimated using higher frequencies, i.e., from 2.75 to 20 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19112313
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 2313
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Ultrasonic testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adhesives
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nondestructive testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Imperfection
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cohesion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Coatings industry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Substrates (Materials science)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Adhesion Between Regenerative Coatings and Steel Substrates.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Kowalczyk, Jakub
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          Name:
            NameFull: Jósko, Marian
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Matysiak, Waldemar
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961944
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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