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Research Progress in the Evaluation of Thermal Shock Resistance of Refractories: From Theoretical Evolution to Intelligent Characterization.

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Title: Research Progress in the Evaluation of Thermal Shock Resistance of Refractories: From Theoretical Evolution to Intelligent Characterization.
Authors: Wang, Gang1 (AUTHOR), Ren, Bo2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Jingjing3 (AUTHOR), Wang, Enhui4 (AUTHOR), Hou, Xinmei1,4 (AUTHOR), Chen, Mao1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2337. 27p.
Subjects: Thermal shock, Refractory materials, Thermoelasticity, Damage models, Evaluation methodology, Machine learning, Nondestructive testing
Abstract: The thermal shock resistance (TSR) of refractories is a critical determinant of the service life and operational safety of high-temperature industrial equipment in metallurgy, building materials, and chemical engineering. This paper systematically reviews the state-of-the-art research on the evaluation of TSR for refractories. On the theoretical level, the evolutionary logic from classical thermoelastic theory to energy-based damage theory, brittleness evaluation criteria, and the dimensional analysis-based RΠ theory is delineated, with a comparative analysis of the applicability of various criteria in dense versus porous material systems. Regarding evaluation methodologies, the strengths and limitations of conventional thermal cycling tests, splitting tests (notably Brazilian and wedge splitting), and specialized techniques such as ultrasonic pulsing and nano-indentation are scrutinized. Furthermore, the application of non-destructive monitoring technologies, such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Acoustic Emission (AE), for in-situ damage capture is discussed. Additionally, the potential of machine learning in performance prediction and inverse material design is explored. Finally, it is posited that future research should focus on promoting the development of multiscale, standardized, and intelligent evaluation frameworks to meet the requirements of harsh operating environments in emerging fields such as green metallurgy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194587248
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Research Progress in the Evaluation of Thermal Shock Resistance of Refractories: From Theoretical Evolution to Intelligent Characterization.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2337. 27p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+shock%22">Thermal shock</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Refractory+materials%22">Refractory materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermoelasticity%22">Thermoelasticity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Damage+models%22">Damage models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation+methodology%22">Evaluation methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Machine+learning%22">Machine learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nondestructive+testing%22">Nondestructive testing</searchLink>
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  Data: The thermal shock resistance (TSR) of refractories is a critical determinant of the service life and operational safety of high-temperature industrial equipment in metallurgy, building materials, and chemical engineering. This paper systematically reviews the state-of-the-art research on the evaluation of TSR for refractories. On the theoretical level, the evolutionary logic from classical thermoelastic theory to energy-based damage theory, brittleness evaluation criteria, and the dimensional analysis-based RΠ theory is delineated, with a comparative analysis of the applicability of various criteria in dense versus porous material systems. Regarding evaluation methodologies, the strengths and limitations of conventional thermal cycling tests, splitting tests (notably Brazilian and wedge splitting), and specialized techniques such as ultrasonic pulsing and nano-indentation are scrutinized. Furthermore, the application of non-destructive monitoring technologies, such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Acoustic Emission (AE), for in-situ damage capture is discussed. Additionally, the potential of machine learning in performance prediction and inverse material design is explored. Finally, it is posited that future research should focus on promoting the development of multiscale, standardized, and intelligent evaluation frameworks to meet the requirements of harsh operating environments in emerging fields such as green metallurgy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19112337
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 27
        StartPage: 2337
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Thermal shock
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Refractory materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermoelasticity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Damage models
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      – SubjectFull: Evaluation methodology
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      – SubjectFull: Machine learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nondestructive testing
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Research Progress in the Evaluation of Thermal Shock Resistance of Refractories: From Theoretical Evolution to Intelligent Characterization.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Wang, Gang
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            NameFull: Ren, Bo
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            NameFull: Liu, Jingjing
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            NameFull: Wang, Enhui
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            NameFull: Hou, Xinmei
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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