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Selective Separation and Recovery of Cadmium from High-Concentration Zinc Smelting Dust Leachate via N235/TBP Solvent Extraction.

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Title: Selective Separation and Recovery of Cadmium from High-Concentration Zinc Smelting Dust Leachate via N235/TBP Solvent Extraction.
Authors: Li, Kangwen1 (AUTHOR), Yu, Xiaohua1,2 (AUTHOR) 20080069@kust.edu.cn, Shen, Qingfeng1,3 (AUTHOR), Xie, Gang2 (AUTHOR), Xie, Anming3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2368. 16p.
Subjects: Solvent extraction, Zinc smelting, Ligands (Chemistry), Extraction techniques, Mineral industries
Abstract: Highlights: Developed a robust N235/TBP solvent extraction system to recover Cd from highly concentrated (44.55 g/L) zinc smelting dust leachate. Achieved 99.80% Cd extraction efficiency via a three-stage countercurrent process, realizing deep separation from As and Zn. Elucidated the anion-exchange mechanism via FT-IR and ESI-MS, confirming the formation of the (R3NH)2CdCl4 complex. Demonstrated that 15% (v/v) TBP effectively eliminates third-phase formation, optimizing organic phase viscosity and phase disengagement. The efficient recovery of highly concentrated cadmium (44.55 g/L) from zinc smelting dust leachate is recognized as a significant metallurgical challenge. In this study, we focused on the selective separation of Cd from coexisting arsenic and zinc using trioctylamine (N235) as the extractant. Accordingly, key operational parameters including initial pH, extractant concentration, phase ratio, and temperature were optimized in a systematic manner. Under the optimized conditions of 30% N235, 15% TBP, and 55% sulfonated kerosene by volume, together with an initial pH of 0.5, an organic to aqueous phase ratio of 1 to 1, and a temperature of 20 °C, a three-stage countercurrent extraction process was found to dramatically enhance the Cd extraction efficiency to 99.80% while successfully rejecting As. Subsequently, stripping with 0.7 mol/L aqueous ammonia achieved an 81.4% stripping efficiency in a single stage, and washing with 1.0 mol/L HCl ensured complete regeneration of the organic solvent. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analyses corroborate that the extraction proceeds via an anion exchange mechanism. Specifically, within the chloride rich acidic environment, protonated N235 was shown to preferentially coordinate with the tetrachlorocadmate anion CdCl42− to form the highly stable and lipophilic complex (R3NH)2CdCl4. Overall, this work provides a scalable technological framework and a robust theoretical foundation for the extraction of highly concentrated heavy metals from complex secondary metallurgical resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Selective Separation and Recovery of Cadmium from High-Concentration Zinc Smelting Dust Leachate via N235/TBP Solvent Extraction.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Kangwen%22">Li, Kangwen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Xiaohua%22">Yu, Xiaohua</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 20080069@kust.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shen%2C+Qingfeng%22">Shen, Qingfeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xie%2C+Gang%22">Xie, Gang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xie%2C+Anming%22">Xie, Anming</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2368. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solvent+extraction%22">Solvent extraction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Zinc+smelting%22">Zinc smelting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ligands+%28Chemistry%29%22">Ligands (Chemistry)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Extraction+techniques%22">Extraction techniques</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mineral+industries%22">Mineral industries</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: Developed a robust N235/TBP solvent extraction system to recover Cd from highly concentrated (44.55 g/L) zinc smelting dust leachate. Achieved 99.80% Cd extraction efficiency via a three-stage countercurrent process, realizing deep separation from As and Zn. Elucidated the anion-exchange mechanism via FT-IR and ESI-MS, confirming the formation of the (R3NH)2CdCl4 complex. Demonstrated that 15% (v/v) TBP effectively eliminates third-phase formation, optimizing organic phase viscosity and phase disengagement. The efficient recovery of highly concentrated cadmium (44.55 g/L) from zinc smelting dust leachate is recognized as a significant metallurgical challenge. In this study, we focused on the selective separation of Cd from coexisting arsenic and zinc using trioctylamine (N235) as the extractant. Accordingly, key operational parameters including initial pH, extractant concentration, phase ratio, and temperature were optimized in a systematic manner. Under the optimized conditions of 30% N235, 15% TBP, and 55% sulfonated kerosene by volume, together with an initial pH of 0.5, an organic to aqueous phase ratio of 1 to 1, and a temperature of 20 °C, a three-stage countercurrent extraction process was found to dramatically enhance the Cd extraction efficiency to 99.80% while successfully rejecting As. Subsequently, stripping with 0.7 mol/L aqueous ammonia achieved an 81.4% stripping efficiency in a single stage, and washing with 1.0 mol/L HCl ensured complete regeneration of the organic solvent. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analyses corroborate that the extraction proceeds via an anion exchange mechanism. Specifically, within the chloride rich acidic environment, protonated N235 was shown to preferentially coordinate with the tetrachlorocadmate anion CdCl42− to form the highly stable and lipophilic complex (R3NH)2CdCl4. Overall, this work provides a scalable technological framework and a robust theoretical foundation for the extraction of highly concentrated heavy metals from complex secondary metallurgical resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19112368
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 2368
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Solvent extraction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Zinc smelting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ligands (Chemistry)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Extraction techniques
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mineral industries
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Selective Separation and Recovery of Cadmium from High-Concentration Zinc Smelting Dust Leachate via N235/TBP Solvent Extraction.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Li, Kangwen
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            NameFull: Yu, Xiaohua
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            NameFull: Shen, Qingfeng
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            NameFull: Xie, Gang
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            NameFull: Xie, Anming
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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