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Controllable Surface Structures of Hydroxyapatite Processed by Picosecond Laser in Air and Underwater: A Comparative Study of Experiment and Simulation.

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Title: Controllable Surface Structures of Hydroxyapatite Processed by Picosecond Laser in Air and Underwater: A Comparative Study of Experiment and Simulation.
Authors: Liu, Li1,2 (AUTHOR), Yao, Peng1,2 (AUTHOR), Chu, Dongkai1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Qu, Shuoshuo1,2 (AUTHOR), Huang, Chuanzhen3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2379. 16p.
Subjects: Hydroxyapatite, Laser machining, Research methodology, Biomedical engineering, Ultrashort laser pulses, Surface structure, Heat transfer
Abstract: Hydroxyapatite (HA) serves as an ideal in vitro substitute model for calcified plaques. At present, the influence mechanisms of processing parameters and operating environments on the machining morphology and thermal evolution of HA during picosecond laser processing remain unclear, and there is a lack of systematic analyses combining experiments and simulations. In this study, the effects of laser parameters and operating environments on structural parameters were systematically investigated from both experimental and simulation perspectives. The results demonstrate that within the laser energy range of 30–70 μJ, the groove depth and width are 12.1–47.8 μm and 15.6–32.1 μm in air, respectively, while they reach 15.4–48.6 μm and 22.4–47.3 μm underwater. Within the repetition frequency range of 100–140 kHz, the groove depth and width are 27.3–36.1 μm and 21.3–27.7 μm in air, respectively, compared with 34.6–45.4 μm and 33.3–53.3 μm underwater. The underwater-processed grooves exhibit larger dimensions and higher temperature-field values than those processed in air. Morphological observations further show that the groove bottoms formed in air exhibit bamboo-joint-like and granular features, whereas the underwater-processed grooves present a more uniformly distributed granular morphology. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data, with errors controlled within 12%, verifying the reliability of the established model. This study elucidates the morphological and thermal mechanisms of HA picosecond laser processing, supporting biomedical HA machining and paving the way for calcified plaque ablation and bone repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194587290
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Controllable Surface Structures of Hydroxyapatite Processed by Picosecond Laser in Air and Underwater: A Comparative Study of Experiment and Simulation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Li%22">Liu, Li</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yao%2C+Peng%22">Yao, Peng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chu%2C+Dongkai%22">Chu, Dongkai</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qu%2C+Shuoshuo%22">Qu, Shuoshuo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Chuanzhen%22">Huang, Chuanzhen</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 11, p2379. 16p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydroxyapatite%22">Hydroxyapatite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laser+machining%22">Laser machining</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+methodology%22">Research methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biomedical+engineering%22">Biomedical engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultrashort+laser+pulses%22">Ultrashort laser pulses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+structure%22">Surface structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+transfer%22">Heat transfer</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Hydroxyapatite (HA) serves as an ideal in vitro substitute model for calcified plaques. At present, the influence mechanisms of processing parameters and operating environments on the machining morphology and thermal evolution of HA during picosecond laser processing remain unclear, and there is a lack of systematic analyses combining experiments and simulations. In this study, the effects of laser parameters and operating environments on structural parameters were systematically investigated from both experimental and simulation perspectives. The results demonstrate that within the laser energy range of 30–70 μJ, the groove depth and width are 12.1–47.8 μm and 15.6–32.1 μm in air, respectively, while they reach 15.4–48.6 μm and 22.4–47.3 μm underwater. Within the repetition frequency range of 100–140 kHz, the groove depth and width are 27.3–36.1 μm and 21.3–27.7 μm in air, respectively, compared with 34.6–45.4 μm and 33.3–53.3 μm underwater. The underwater-processed grooves exhibit larger dimensions and higher temperature-field values than those processed in air. Morphological observations further show that the groove bottoms formed in air exhibit bamboo-joint-like and granular features, whereas the underwater-processed grooves present a more uniformly distributed granular morphology. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data, with errors controlled within 12%, verifying the reliability of the established model. This study elucidates the morphological and thermal mechanisms of HA picosecond laser processing, supporting biomedical HA machining and paving the way for calcified plaque ablation and bone repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19112379
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 2379
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Hydroxyapatite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laser machining
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biomedical engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ultrashort laser pulses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface structure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat transfer
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Controllable Surface Structures of Hydroxyapatite Processed by Picosecond Laser in Air and Underwater: A Comparative Study of Experiment and Simulation.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Liu, Li
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yao, Peng
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            NameFull: Chu, Dongkai
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          Name:
            NameFull: Qu, Shuoshuo
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            NameFull: Huang, Chuanzhen
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961944
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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