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Influence of Temperature on the Mechanical Behavior of Lead/Rubber Bearings.

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Title: Influence of Temperature on the Mechanical Behavior of Lead/Rubber Bearings.
Authors: Yang, Fan1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Lixiu2 (AUTHOR), Pang, Hui1,3 (AUTHOR) panghui0615@163.com, Jiang, Tao3,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1306. 21p.
Subjects: Temperature effect, Energy dissipation, Rubber bearings, Stress-strain curves, Mechanical movements, Mechanical loads
Abstract: The mechanical behavior of lead/rubber bearings (LRBs) is strongly influenced by both ambient temperature and hysteretic heating under seismic loading; however, their coupled effects and underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This study presents a systematic investigation of the thermo-mechanical response of LRBs through combined experimental and numerical approaches. Dynamic cyclic tests were conducted on full-scale LRBs (700 mm in diameter) over a wide range of ambient temperatures, revealing that ambient temperature and hysteretic heating jointly govern the evolution of key mechanical properties, including stiffness, characteristic strength, and energy dissipation capacity. Specifically, decreasing temperature leads to stiffness and strength enhancement, whereas hysteretic heating induced by cyclic plastic deformation of the lead core results in progressive softening and degradation of restoring force. Based on the experimental observations, a modified uniaxial Bouc–Wen constitutive model is developed, incorporating the coupled effects of ambient temperature, hysteretic heating, and large-strain hardening. The proposed model is implemented in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) base-isolated system to evaluate the seismic response under different temperature conditions. The results reveal a competing mechanism between ambient temperature and hysteretic heating: low temperatures tend to increase base shear and reduce displacement, while hysteretic heating produces the opposite effect, with their relative dominance depending on temperature level and ground motion intensity. Neglecting such thermo-mechanical coupling may lead to significant misestimation of structural response, particularly under long-duration strong ground motions. This study provides new insights into the coupled temperature-dependent behavior of LRBs and establishes a robust modeling framework for the seismic analysis and design of isolation systems under complex service conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Influence of Temperature on the Mechanical Behavior of Lead/Rubber Bearings.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Fan%22">Yang, Fan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Lixiu%22">Zhang, Lixiu</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pang%2C+Hui%22">Pang, Hui</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> panghui0615@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiang%2C+Tao%22">Jiang, Tao</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1306. 21p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+effect%22">Temperature effect</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+dissipation%22">Energy dissipation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rubber+bearings%22">Rubber bearings</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stress-strain+curves%22">Stress-strain curves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+movements%22">Mechanical movements</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+loads%22">Mechanical loads</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The mechanical behavior of lead/rubber bearings (LRBs) is strongly influenced by both ambient temperature and hysteretic heating under seismic loading; however, their coupled effects and underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This study presents a systematic investigation of the thermo-mechanical response of LRBs through combined experimental and numerical approaches. Dynamic cyclic tests were conducted on full-scale LRBs (700 mm in diameter) over a wide range of ambient temperatures, revealing that ambient temperature and hysteretic heating jointly govern the evolution of key mechanical properties, including stiffness, characteristic strength, and energy dissipation capacity. Specifically, decreasing temperature leads to stiffness and strength enhancement, whereas hysteretic heating induced by cyclic plastic deformation of the lead core results in progressive softening and degradation of restoring force. Based on the experimental observations, a modified uniaxial Bouc–Wen constitutive model is developed, incorporating the coupled effects of ambient temperature, hysteretic heating, and large-strain hardening. The proposed model is implemented in a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) base-isolated system to evaluate the seismic response under different temperature conditions. The results reveal a competing mechanism between ambient temperature and hysteretic heating: low temperatures tend to increase base shear and reduce displacement, while hysteretic heating produces the opposite effect, with their relative dominance depending on temperature level and ground motion intensity. Neglecting such thermo-mechanical coupling may lead to significant misestimation of structural response, particularly under long-duration strong ground motions. This study provides new insights into the coupled temperature-dependent behavior of LRBs and establishes a robust modeling framework for the seismic analysis and design of isolation systems under complex service conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18111306
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 1306
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      – SubjectFull: Temperature effect
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy dissipation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rubber bearings
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stress-strain curves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical movements
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical loads
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Influence of Temperature on the Mechanical Behavior of Lead/Rubber Bearings.
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            NameFull: Yang, Fan
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            NameFull: Zhang, Lixiu
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            NameFull: Pang, Hui
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            NameFull: Jiang, Tao
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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