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Development and Characterization of Agar–Starch-Based Bioplastic Films.

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Title: Development and Characterization of Agar–Starch-Based Bioplastic Films.
Authors: Alnatsheh, Alaa1 (AUTHOR), Dikici, Birce1,2 (AUTHOR) dikicib@erau.edu, Srinivasaraghavan Govindarajan, Rishikesh2,3 (AUTHOR), Kim, Daewon1,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1321. 23p.
Subjects: Biodegradable plastics, Biodegradable materials, Mechanical behavior of materials, Environmental protection, Glycerin, Thermal stability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Permeability
Abstract: This study investigates agar–starch composite bioplastic films formulated with five agar-to-starch ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1) to evaluate how composition influences material performance. Films were produced by solution casting with glycerol as a plasticizer and characterized through tensile testing (ASTM D882-18), DSC, TGA, FTIR, water absorption measurements, physical property assessment, and biodegradability tests including water, UV, and soil degradation. Mechanical results showed that the 3:1 formulation (A3S1) exhibited the highest tensile strength (2.78 MPa) with moderate elongation (57.25%), while the 1:1 formulation (A1S1) showed the greatest flexibility (76.38% elongation) but lower strength (2.07 MPa). Thermal analysis indicated improved thermal stability with increasing agar content, with onset degradation temperatures ranging from 42.89 °C to 51.84 °C and melting points from 99 °C to 108 °C. FTIR spectra showed no new major absorption bands, with only minor shifts in selected bands, indicating component interactions without evidence of new chemical bond formation. Films with higher starch content displayed increased thickness, weight per area, and water absorption. Overall, adjusting agar–starch ratios produced distinct combinations of mechanical, thermal, and physical properties, with the 3:1 ratio offering the best balance of strength and water resistance. All formulations showed measurable biodegradation under water, UV, and soil conditions, indicating environmental degradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Development and Characterization of Agar–Starch-Based Bioplastic Films.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1321. 23p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biodegradable+plastics%22">Biodegradable plastics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biodegradable+materials%22">Biodegradable materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+protection%22">Environmental protection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Glycerin%22">Glycerin</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+stability%22">Thermal stability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fourier+transform+infrared+spectroscopy%22">Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Permeability%22">Permeability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study investigates agar–starch composite bioplastic films formulated with five agar-to-starch ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1) to evaluate how composition influences material performance. Films were produced by solution casting with glycerol as a plasticizer and characterized through tensile testing (ASTM D882-18), DSC, TGA, FTIR, water absorption measurements, physical property assessment, and biodegradability tests including water, UV, and soil degradation. Mechanical results showed that the 3:1 formulation (A3S1) exhibited the highest tensile strength (2.78 MPa) with moderate elongation (57.25%), while the 1:1 formulation (A1S1) showed the greatest flexibility (76.38% elongation) but lower strength (2.07 MPa). Thermal analysis indicated improved thermal stability with increasing agar content, with onset degradation temperatures ranging from 42.89 °C to 51.84 °C and melting points from 99 °C to 108 °C. FTIR spectra showed no new major absorption bands, with only minor shifts in selected bands, indicating component interactions without evidence of new chemical bond formation. Films with higher starch content displayed increased thickness, weight per area, and water absorption. Overall, adjusting agar–starch ratios produced distinct combinations of mechanical, thermal, and physical properties, with the 3:1 ratio offering the best balance of strength and water resistance. All formulations showed measurable biodegradation under water, UV, and soil conditions, indicating environmental degradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18111321
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 1321
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Biodegradable plastics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biodegradable materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental protection
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glycerin
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal stability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Permeability
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Development and Characterization of Agar–Starch-Based Bioplastic Films.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Alnatsheh, Alaa
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            NameFull: Dikici, Birce
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            NameFull: Srinivasaraghavan Govindarajan, Rishikesh
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            NameFull: Kim, Daewon
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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