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Structure–Property Relationships in Gamma-Irradiated Films Based on Gelatin/Modified Cassava Starch and Gelatin/Gluten Blends.

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Title: Structure–Property Relationships in Gamma-Irradiated Films Based on Gelatin/Modified Cassava Starch and Gelatin/Gluten Blends.
Authors: Bertan, Larissa Canhadas1 (AUTHOR), Fakhouri, Farayde Matta2 (AUTHOR), Nogueira, Gislaine Ferreira3 (AUTHOR), Carrea, Daniela de Almeida2,4 (AUTHOR), Taniwaki, Marta Hiromi4,5 (AUTHOR), Copetti, Marina Venturini1,5 (AUTHOR), Iamanaka, Beatriz Thie2,4 (AUTHOR), Velasco, José Ignacio2,3 (AUTHOR) jose.ignacio.velasco@upc.edu
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1337. 33p.
Subjects: Biodegradable materials, Mechanical behavior of materials, Gamma rays, Gluten, Cassava starch, Gelatin, Antibacterial agents
Abstract: This study investigates the effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of biodegradable composite films based on modified cassava starch/gelatin (GS) and wheat gluten/gelatin (GG), including their active formulations with 2% potassium sorbate (GS2S and GG2S, respectively). Films were produced by casting and irradiated at 2–32 kGy. Irradiation modulated the structure–property relationships of starch–protein matrices in a dose-dependent manner. In GG systems, tensile strength increased while elongation decreased, indicating enhanced intermolecular interactions. At higher doses (16–32 kGy), excessive rigidity was observed, whereas lower doses (2–8 kGy) provided a more favorable balance between strength and flexibility. Water vapor permeability decreased in selected formulations, while solubility results indicated the coexistence of crosslinking and chain scission mechanisms. Among the tested conditions, 2 kGy was identified as the optimal dose. Despite the incorporation of 2% potassium sorbate, antimicrobial performance remained limited, with modest inhibition against Wallemia sebi and negligible effects on Aspergillus chevalieri and Aspergillus montevidensis. HPLC analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in sorbate release after irradiation (up to ~80%), indicating that restricted mass transfer, rather than intrinsic antimicrobial inefficiency, governs the observed behavior. The main novelty of this work lies in demonstrating that irradiation-induced structural modifications improve mechanical and barrier properties but simultaneously hinder active compound release. This decoupling between structural performance and functional activity highlights a critical limitation in irradiated active films. Overall, gamma irradiation at 2 kGy is effective for tuning material properties; however, controlling release kinetics is essential to achieve functional antimicrobial performance in biodegradable active packaging systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Structure–Property Relationships in Gamma-Irradiated Films Based on Gelatin/Modified Cassava Starch and Gelatin/Gluten Blends.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bertan%2C+Larissa+Canhadas%22">Bertan, Larissa Canhadas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fakhouri%2C+Farayde+Matta%22">Fakhouri, Farayde Matta</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nogueira%2C+Gislaine+Ferreira%22">Nogueira, Gislaine Ferreira</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Carrea%2C+Daniela+de+Almeida%22">Carrea, Daniela de Almeida</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Taniwaki%2C+Marta+Hiromi%22">Taniwaki, Marta Hiromi</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Copetti%2C+Marina+Venturini%22">Copetti, Marina Venturini</searchLink><relatesTo>1,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Iamanaka%2C+Beatriz+Thie%22">Iamanaka, Beatriz Thie</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Velasco%2C+José+Ignacio%22">Velasco, José Ignacio</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jose.ignacio.velasco@upc.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 11, p1337. 33p.
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study investigates the effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of biodegradable composite films based on modified cassava starch/gelatin (GS) and wheat gluten/gelatin (GG), including their active formulations with 2% potassium sorbate (GS2S and GG2S, respectively). Films were produced by casting and irradiated at 2–32 kGy. Irradiation modulated the structure–property relationships of starch–protein matrices in a dose-dependent manner. In GG systems, tensile strength increased while elongation decreased, indicating enhanced intermolecular interactions. At higher doses (16–32 kGy), excessive rigidity was observed, whereas lower doses (2–8 kGy) provided a more favorable balance between strength and flexibility. Water vapor permeability decreased in selected formulations, while solubility results indicated the coexistence of crosslinking and chain scission mechanisms. Among the tested conditions, 2 kGy was identified as the optimal dose. Despite the incorporation of 2% potassium sorbate, antimicrobial performance remained limited, with modest inhibition against Wallemia sebi and negligible effects on Aspergillus chevalieri and Aspergillus montevidensis. HPLC analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in sorbate release after irradiation (up to ~80%), indicating that restricted mass transfer, rather than intrinsic antimicrobial inefficiency, governs the observed behavior. The main novelty of this work lies in demonstrating that irradiation-induced structural modifications improve mechanical and barrier properties but simultaneously hinder active compound release. This decoupling between structural performance and functional activity highlights a critical limitation in irradiated active films. Overall, gamma irradiation at 2 kGy is effective for tuning material properties; however, controlling release kinetics is essential to achieve functional antimicrobial performance in biodegradable active packaging systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18111337
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 33
        StartPage: 1337
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Biodegradable materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gamma rays
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gluten
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cassava starch
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gelatin
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Antibacterial agents
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Structure–Property Relationships in Gamma-Irradiated Films Based on Gelatin/Modified Cassava Starch and Gelatin/Gluten Blends.
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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