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The transcriptome landscape of floral development for the early‐diverging grass Pharus and insights into spikelet evolution.

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Title: The transcriptome landscape of floral development for the early‐diverging grass Pharus and insights into spikelet evolution.
Authors: Wang, Meng1,2 (AUTHOR), Lv, Shi‐Yu1,2 (AUTHOR), Gao, Shu‐Yang1,2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Liang‐Min1,2 (AUTHOR), Wu, Xu‐Kun1,2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Yun‐Long3 (AUTHOR), Li, De‐Zhu3 (AUTHOR) dzl@sdau.edu.cn, Jin, Guihua1 (AUTHOR) jinguihua@mail.kib.ac.cn, Ma, Peng‐Fei1 (AUTHOR) mapengfei@mail.kib.ac.cn
Source: Plant Journal. Jun2026, Vol. 126 Issue 5, p1-18. 18p.
Subjects: Flower development, Inflorescences, Grasses, Sex determination, Transcriptomes, Nucleotide sequencing
Abstract: SUMMARY: Spikelets represent a key innovation of grasses (Poaceae) with their arrangements in the inflorescence determining cereal yield. Genetic mechanisms underlying spikelet development were mainly investigated in the core grasses. Representing an early‐diverging grass lineage, Pharus bears the first evolved spikelets with primitive traits and unisexual flowers, making it ideal for exploring this issue. Here, we generated a comprehensive transcriptome atlas of inflorescence and spikelet development in Pharus latifolius, supported by an improved genome assembly. Six key developmental stages were identified for transcriptomic analyses, revealing dynamic expression programs primarily associated with meristem fate determination at early stages and organ specification later. Particularly, we identified conserved and lineage‐specific transcriptional regulators playing key roles in the Pharus sexual differentiation through retention of paralogs and divergent expression. By bridging the knowledge gap between early‐diverging and core grasses, our results shed new insights into the spikelet origin and provided valuable data for functional research on cereal grain production. Significance Statement: Our study sheds insights into the development of inflorescence and spikelet in the early‐diverging grasses by generating their comprehensive transcriptome atlas in Pharus latifolius, together with an improved genome assembly and annotation for this species. It also provides a valuable transcriptomic resource for studying the spikelet evolution in the grass family by addressing the critical gap between the early‐diverging and core grasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Plant Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194609819
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: The transcriptome landscape of floral development for the early‐diverging grass Pharus and insights into spikelet evolution.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Meng%22">Wang, Meng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lv%2C+Shi‐Yu%22">Lv, Shi‐Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gao%2C+Shu‐Yang%22">Gao, Shu‐Yang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Liang‐Min%22">Liu, Liang‐Min</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Xu‐Kun%22">Wu, Xu‐Kun</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Yun‐Long%22">Liu, Yun‐Long</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+De‐Zhu%22">Li, De‐Zhu</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> dzl@sdau.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jin%2C+Guihua%22">Jin, Guihua</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jinguihua@mail.kib.ac.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ma%2C+Peng‐Fei%22">Ma, Peng‐Fei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mapengfei@mail.kib.ac.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Plant+Journal%22">Plant Journal</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 126 Issue 5, p1-18. 18p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flower+development%22">Flower development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inflorescences%22">Inflorescences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grasses%22">Grasses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+determination%22">Sex determination</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transcriptomes%22">Transcriptomes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nucleotide+sequencing%22">Nucleotide sequencing</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: SUMMARY: Spikelets represent a key innovation of grasses (Poaceae) with their arrangements in the inflorescence determining cereal yield. Genetic mechanisms underlying spikelet development were mainly investigated in the core grasses. Representing an early‐diverging grass lineage, Pharus bears the first evolved spikelets with primitive traits and unisexual flowers, making it ideal for exploring this issue. Here, we generated a comprehensive transcriptome atlas of inflorescence and spikelet development in Pharus latifolius, supported by an improved genome assembly. Six key developmental stages were identified for transcriptomic analyses, revealing dynamic expression programs primarily associated with meristem fate determination at early stages and organ specification later. Particularly, we identified conserved and lineage‐specific transcriptional regulators playing key roles in the Pharus sexual differentiation through retention of paralogs and divergent expression. By bridging the knowledge gap between early‐diverging and core grasses, our results shed new insights into the spikelet origin and provided valuable data for functional research on cereal grain production. Significance Statement: Our study sheds insights into the development of inflorescence and spikelet in the early‐diverging grasses by generating their comprehensive transcriptome atlas in Pharus latifolius, together with an improved genome assembly and annotation for this species. It also provides a valuable transcriptomic resource for studying the spikelet evolution in the grass family by addressing the critical gap between the early‐diverging and core grasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Plant Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/tpj.70965
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Flower development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inflorescences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grasses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sex determination
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Transcriptomes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nucleotide sequencing
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The transcriptome landscape of floral development for the early‐diverging grass Pharus and insights into spikelet evolution.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Wang, Meng
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            NameFull: Lv, Shi‐Yu
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            NameFull: Liu, Liang‐Min
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            NameFull: Wu, Xu‐Kun
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            NameFull: Liu, Yun‐Long
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            NameFull: Li, De‐Zhu
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 126
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