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An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process.

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Title: An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process.
Authors: Yu, Lida1 (AUTHOR), Yang, Xiaoming1 (AUTHOR) yangxm@ncst.edu.cn, Liu, Shengqiang1 (AUTHOR), Huang, Xiaomin1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Baoyu2,3 (AUTHOR), Ji, Hongchao1 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Jun2026, Vol. 144 Issue 9/10, p6321-6338. 18p.
Subjects: Springback (Elasticity), Titanium alloys, Stress relaxation tests, Finite element method, Airplane manufacturing, Quenching (Chemistry)
Abstract: In this paper, the springback behaviors of TC4 alloy under triple-layer sheet hot stamping forming (THF) process is studied. To verify the springback control ability of the process, the U-shaped part experiments were conducted, and the effects of forming temperatures and quenching times on springback are revealed. A finite element (FE) model is established to investigate the deformation characteristics of U-shaped parts and the stress relaxation (SR) behavior during the quenching process. Furthermore, the springback control mechanism of THF is analyzed. Finally, the forming experiments of typical aviation parts were carried out to verify the feasibility of this process. The study showed that the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. The springback angle from 2.67° of 750 °C to 0.46° of 900 °C in the THF process. Compared with the results obtained by single-layer sheet hot stamping forming (SHF) process, the springback angle decreases by 83.06% at 900 °C. Meanwhile, the affected is much more by the quenching time than SHF. The springback angle decreases from 0.58° of 30s to 0.24° of 60s at 850 °C. The thermal insulation effect of THF makes the SR of the parts more sufficient in the process of quenching, and the residual stress is fully released. In addition, it is found that the neutral layer shift in the fillet area at the bottom of THF parts is relatively small and is more sensitive to the effect of forming temperature. According to the FE simulation and microstructure analysis, it is jointly revealed that the inner and outer layers at the bottom fillet are close to the ideal state of tension-compression symmetry. The typical aviation parts have a high forming accuracy under THF processes. This research provides a new strategy for achieving high-precision forming of titanium alloy thin-walled parts in the aerospace industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Lida%22">Yu, Lida</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Xiaoming%22">Yang, Xiaoming</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yangxm@ncst.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Shengqiang%22">Liu, Shengqiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Xiaomin%22">Huang, Xiaomin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Baoyu%22">Wang, Baoyu</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ji%2C+Hongchao%22">Ji, Hongchao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Advanced+Manufacturing+Technology%22">International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 144 Issue 9/10, p6321-6338. 18p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Springback+%28Elasticity%29%22">Springback (Elasticity)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+alloys%22">Titanium alloys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stress+relaxation+tests%22">Stress relaxation tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finite+element+method%22">Finite element method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Airplane+manufacturing%22">Airplane manufacturing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quenching+%28Chemistry%29%22">Quenching (Chemistry)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this paper, the springback behaviors of TC4 alloy under triple-layer sheet hot stamping forming (THF) process is studied. To verify the springback control ability of the process, the U-shaped part experiments were conducted, and the effects of forming temperatures and quenching times on springback are revealed. A finite element (FE) model is established to investigate the deformation characteristics of U-shaped parts and the stress relaxation (SR) behavior during the quenching process. Furthermore, the springback control mechanism of THF is analyzed. Finally, the forming experiments of typical aviation parts were carried out to verify the feasibility of this process. The study showed that the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. The springback angle from 2.67° of 750 °C to 0.46° of 900 °C in the THF process. Compared with the results obtained by single-layer sheet hot stamping forming (SHF) process, the springback angle decreases by 83.06% at 900 °C. Meanwhile, the affected is much more by the quenching time than SHF. The springback angle decreases from 0.58° of 30s to 0.24° of 60s at 850 °C. The thermal insulation effect of THF makes the SR of the parts more sufficient in the process of quenching, and the residual stress is fully released. In addition, it is found that the neutral layer shift in the fillet area at the bottom of THF parts is relatively small and is more sensitive to the effect of forming temperature. According to the FE simulation and microstructure analysis, it is jointly revealed that the inner and outer layers at the bottom fillet are close to the ideal state of tension-compression symmetry. The typical aviation parts have a high forming accuracy under THF processes. This research provides a new strategy for achieving high-precision forming of titanium alloy thin-walled parts in the aerospace industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1007/s00170-026-18137-y
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 6321
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Springback (Elasticity)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Titanium alloys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stress relaxation tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Airplane manufacturing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Quenching (Chemistry)
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process.
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            NameFull: Yu, Lida
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            NameFull: Yang, Xiaoming
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            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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