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Tuning bubble coalescence rates over orders of magnitude in liquid mixtures of simple surface thermodynamics: Experiments and theory.

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Title: Tuning bubble coalescence rates over orders of magnitude in liquid mixtures of simple surface thermodynamics: Experiments and theory.
Authors: Combrouze, Ange1,2,3, Choudhury, Anjishnu4, Klimenko, Alexandra2,3, Panizza, Pascal2,5, Duchemin, Laurent6, Lequeux, François1,2, Verneuil, Emilie1,2 emilie.verneuil@espci.fr, Talini, Laurence7 laurence.talini@cnrs.fr
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 6/16/2026, Vol. 123 Issue 24, p1-8. 8p.
Subjects: Liquid mixtures, Gas-liquid interfaces, Simulation software, Hydrodynamics, Microfluidics, Molecular interactions
Abstract: The coalescence time of bubbles in a liquid depends on the nature of the liquid, which determines both its surface thermodynamics and the molecular interactions between the gas/liquid interfaces, and on the geometry, prescribed by the curvature of the bubbles. Coalescence is well described in pure liquids that have the same composition in bulk and at interfaces and in which the interactions are attractive. In contrast, the mechanisms are poorly understood in more complex liquids in which coalescence times are orders of magnitudes larger than in pure liquids and are unpredictable. To provide insight on these mechanisms, we use model systems: binary mixtures of miscible oils. In these liquids, interfaces have purely attractive molecular interactions and the surface thermodynamics can simply be described using a well-determined Gibbs elastic modulus, which is controlled by the composition of the mixture. We measure the coalescence rate by forming periodic trains of bubbles in millifluidic tubes whose radius varies over 1.5 decade. We report coalescence times spanning more than three decades and, for a given composition, varying according to a power law with curvature, with an exponent larger than that reported in pure liquids and independent of Gibbs elasticity. The experimental behavior is in excellent agreement with a numerical solution of the coupled thermodynamical and hydrodynamical equations, performed in the simple geometry of a suspended liquid film. Our results clearly reveal how geometry and surface thermodynamics modify the coalescence process of bubbles in the limit of small Gibbs elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America is the property of National Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Tuning bubble coalescence rates over orders of magnitude in liquid mixtures of simple surface thermodynamics: Experiments and theory.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Liquid+mixtures%22">Liquid mixtures</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gas-liquid+interfaces%22">Gas-liquid interfaces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Simulation+software%22">Simulation software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrodynamics%22">Hydrodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microfluidics%22">Microfluidics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Molecular+interactions%22">Molecular interactions</searchLink>
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  Data: The coalescence time of bubbles in a liquid depends on the nature of the liquid, which determines both its surface thermodynamics and the molecular interactions between the gas/liquid interfaces, and on the geometry, prescribed by the curvature of the bubbles. Coalescence is well described in pure liquids that have the same composition in bulk and at interfaces and in which the interactions are attractive. In contrast, the mechanisms are poorly understood in more complex liquids in which coalescence times are orders of magnitudes larger than in pure liquids and are unpredictable. To provide insight on these mechanisms, we use model systems: binary mixtures of miscible oils. In these liquids, interfaces have purely attractive molecular interactions and the surface thermodynamics can simply be described using a well-determined Gibbs elastic modulus, which is controlled by the composition of the mixture. We measure the coalescence rate by forming periodic trains of bubbles in millifluidic tubes whose radius varies over 1.5 decade. We report coalescence times spanning more than three decades and, for a given composition, varying according to a power law with curvature, with an exponent larger than that reported in pure liquids and independent of Gibbs elasticity. The experimental behavior is in excellent agreement with a numerical solution of the coupled thermodynamical and hydrodynamical equations, performed in the simple geometry of a suspended liquid film. Our results clearly reveal how geometry and surface thermodynamics modify the coalescence process of bubbles in the limit of small Gibbs elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America is the property of National Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1073/pnas.2535299123
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      – SubjectFull: Gas-liquid interfaces
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      – SubjectFull: Simulation software
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      – SubjectFull: Hydrodynamics
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      – SubjectFull: Molecular interactions
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      – TitleFull: Tuning bubble coalescence rates over orders of magnitude in liquid mixtures of simple surface thermodynamics: Experiments and theory.
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              Text: 6/16/2026
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              Y: 2026
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