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Electrically tunable hybrid metal-graphene metasurface for dynamic generation of multiple terahertz vortex beams.

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Title: Electrically tunable hybrid metal-graphene metasurface for dynamic generation of multiple terahertz vortex beams.
Authors: Elhenawy, Abdelkarim S.1,2 (AUTHOR) abdelkarim.elhenawy@ejust.edu.eg, Allam, Ahmed1 (AUTHOR), Kanaya, Haruichi3 (AUTHOR), Abdel-Rahman, Adel B.1,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Optical & Quantum Electronics. Jul2026, Vol. 58 Issue 7, p1-22. 22p.
Subjects: Beam steering, Submillimeter waves, Vector beams
Abstract: This paper presents an electrically tunable hybrid copper-graphene reflective metasurface for the simultaneous dynamic generation and independent steering of multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beams, targeting reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) applications in future terahertz wireless systems. The reflective metasurface consists of a 25 × 25 array of graphene-loaded patch unit cells operating at 2 THz, with overall dimensions of 800 × 800 × 12 μm³. Each unit cell integrates a copper patch loaded with tunable graphene stubs on a thin hafnium oxide HfO2 gate dielectric and polysilicon layer on a silicon dioxide SiO2 grounded substrate, enabling low-voltage control (0.1–4.3 V). A resonant copper patch on a grounded SiO2 substrate is loaded with graphene stubs to overcome the inherent loss limitations of standalone graphene elements, and a comprehensive parametric study is performed on dimensions and the effect of graphene chemical potential (), relaxation time (), and temperature () on material response characteristics for phase tuning performance to achieve the highest continuous phase coverage. The optimized unit cell is then arranged in a 25 × 25 reflectarray to synthesize the required phase distribution via full-aperture phase superposition for simultaneous multi-beam OAM vortex generation. At and , variation of from 0.05 eV to 1.0 eV yields reflection magnitude ranging from − 6 dB to − 0.12 dB with 350° phase coverage. Under focused wave illumination, the metasurface supports vortex beam steering over elevation angles up to with full azimuthal coverage, achieving a maximum gain of 13.6 dB. Unlike aperture-partitioning approaches, the design employs phase superposition to simultaneously generate multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams (, dual, triple and quadruple configurations) with independent directional control, and enhanced miniaturization. Mode purity reaches 99.5%, 96.1%, 92.6%, and 79.8% for = 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, surpassing comparable tunable THz metasurface designs. The demonstrated combination of full-aperture phase superposition multi-beam generation, small footprint, high mode purity, ultra-low bias voltage, and wide-angle steering establishes the proposed architecture as a high-performance platform for THz RIS-enabled communication and sensing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Optical & Quantum Electronics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Electrically tunable hybrid metal-graphene metasurface for dynamic generation of multiple terahertz vortex beams.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Elhenawy%2C+Abdelkarim+S%2E%22">Elhenawy, Abdelkarim S.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> abdelkarim.elhenawy@ejust.edu.eg</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Allam%2C+Ahmed%22">Allam, Ahmed</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kanaya%2C+Haruichi%22">Kanaya, Haruichi</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abdel-Rahman%2C+Adel+B%2E%22">Abdel-Rahman, Adel B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Optical+%26+Quantum+Electronics%22">Optical & Quantum Electronics</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 58 Issue 7, p1-22. 22p.
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  Data: This paper presents an electrically tunable hybrid copper-graphene reflective metasurface for the simultaneous dynamic generation and independent steering of multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beams, targeting reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) applications in future terahertz wireless systems. The reflective metasurface consists of a 25 × 25 array of graphene-loaded patch unit cells operating at 2 THz, with overall dimensions of 800 × 800 × 12 μm³. Each unit cell integrates a copper patch loaded with tunable graphene stubs on a thin hafnium oxide HfO2 gate dielectric and polysilicon layer on a silicon dioxide SiO2 grounded substrate, enabling low-voltage control (0.1–4.3 V). A resonant copper patch on a grounded SiO2 substrate is loaded with graphene stubs to overcome the inherent loss limitations of standalone graphene elements, and a comprehensive parametric study is performed on dimensions and the effect of graphene chemical potential (), relaxation time (), and temperature () on material response characteristics for phase tuning performance to achieve the highest continuous phase coverage. The optimized unit cell is then arranged in a 25 × 25 reflectarray to synthesize the required phase distribution via full-aperture phase superposition for simultaneous multi-beam OAM vortex generation. At and , variation of from 0.05 eV to 1.0 eV yields reflection magnitude ranging from − 6 dB to − 0.12 dB with 350° phase coverage. Under focused wave illumination, the metasurface supports vortex beam steering over elevation angles up to with full azimuthal coverage, achieving a maximum gain of 13.6 dB. Unlike aperture-partitioning approaches, the design employs phase superposition to simultaneously generate multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams (, dual, triple and quadruple configurations) with independent directional control, and enhanced miniaturization. Mode purity reaches 99.5%, 96.1%, 92.6%, and 79.8% for = 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, surpassing comparable tunable THz metasurface designs. The demonstrated combination of full-aperture phase superposition multi-beam generation, small footprint, high mode purity, ultra-low bias voltage, and wide-angle steering establishes the proposed architecture as a high-performance platform for THz RIS-enabled communication and sensing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Optical & Quantum Electronics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11082-026-08860-x
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Submillimeter waves
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      – SubjectFull: Vector beams
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      – TitleFull: Electrically tunable hybrid metal-graphene metasurface for dynamic generation of multiple terahertz vortex beams.
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              Text: Jul2026
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              Y: 2026
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