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Power System Contingency Study of On-Grid Renewable Energy Resources with D.G. in a Different Conditions.

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Title: Power System Contingency Study of On-Grid Renewable Energy Resources with D.G. in a Different Conditions.
Authors: Al-Yousif, Omar Muwafaq1 omer_alyousif@uomosul.edu.iq, Al-Kaoaz, Hiba N.1 kaoaz@uomosul.edu.iq
Source: Al-Rafadain Engineering Journal. Jun2026, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p7-22. 16p.
Subjects: Hybrid power systems, Distributed power generation, Electric power system management, Voltage control, Electric power system stability
Abstract (English): Contingency studies are conducted to assess the importance and reliability of power control systems by evaluating unspecified equipment outages under various conditions. This study conducts a comprehensive contingency analysis of a hybrid power system including distributed generators (D.G.s), wind farms, solar photovoltaic arrays, and grid connections to evaluate its resilience under N-1 power outage scenarios. Steady-state, dynamic, and voltage stability analyses are performed using Newton-Raphson and fast power flow simulations. The study presents key performance indicators for steady-state and dynamic responses, addressing voltage stability, thermal overload, and power flow redistribution. Mitigation strategies are proposed, including partial power compensation, ready-to-use generation scheduling, load shedding, and system resilience. The study also highlights the importance of contingency analysis based on reliable NERC/WECC standards and indicates how changing conditions impact grid resilience. The ETAP analysis supports an N-1 evaluation and the strategies used to determine system performance parameters, providing optimized operating thresholds for each component in the power system through the addition of user-defined components and failure scenarios. A hybrid power system was analyzed based on the separation of busbars, cables, distribution generator, transformers, wind generators, and the solar array. The study presents a new composite performance index (CPI) for use with hybrid power systems, integrating four sub-indices: voltage integrity (V/Vsp), real and reactive power deviations (ΔP and ΔQ), and branch overload (S/Ssp) to classify the severity of the contingency. The results show that the power outage on bus 1 (connected to the main grid) is the most severe (CPI = 103.065). In contrast, the outage's impact on the photovoltaic arrays is minimal (CPI < 1), highlighting the system's reliance on centralized generation. The study also shows that proximity to high-power transmission elements enhances the impact of the contingency, while distributed renewable energy sources enhance resilience. This work provides practical insights for grid operators managing hybrid systems amid increasing renewable energy deployment and climate-induced disruptions. A reliable power grid isn’t just about avoiding blackouts, it’s about designing systems that can adapt, recover, and keep electricity flowing even when things go wrong. This paper provides both the tools and the mindset needed to build that future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (Arabic): تركز المقالة على دراسة شاملة للطوارئ لنظام طاقة متجددة هجين متصل بالشبكة، يدمج مولدات موزعة (المعروفة بالمولدات الموزعة أو DGs)، ومزارع رياح، ومصفوفات الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية، بالإضافة إلى وصلات الشبكة الكهربائية. باستخدام برنامج تحليل الانتقالات الكهربائية (ETAP)، تطبق الدراسة تحليلات الحالة المستقرة والديناميكية تحت سيناريوهات انقطاع N-1 لتقييم مرونة النظام، مع تقديم مؤشر أداء مركب جديد (مؤشر الأداء المركب CPI) يجمع بين سلامة الجهد الكهربائي، والانحرافات في القدرة الحقيقية والقدرة التفاعلية، وحمل الفروع الزائد، لقياس شدة الطوارئ. تشير النتائج إلى أن الانقطاعات في المكونات المركزية الحرجة—مثل الحافلة 1 (Bus 1) المتصلة بالشبكة الرئيسية، والمحولة T1، والكابل 4—تشكل أكبر المخاطر على استقرار النظام، في حين أن انقطاعات مصادر الطاقة المتجددة الموزعة مثل المصفوفات الكهروضوئية وتوربينات الرياح لها تأثير ضئيل، مما يبرز دورها في تعزيز مرونة الشبكة. تقترح الدراسة استراتيجيات تخفيف تشمل تعويض جزئي للطاقة، وجدولة التوليد الاحتياطي، وتقليل الأحمال لتحسين مرونة النظام وموثوقيته. يوفر هذا العمل أدوات عملية ورؤى لمشغلي الشبكات الذين يديرون أنظمة هجينة في ظل زيادة دمج مصادر الطاقة المتجددة والتحديات المتعلقة بالمناخ. [Extracted from the article]
Copyright of Al-Rafadain Engineering Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Power System Contingency Study of On-Grid Renewable Energy Resources with D.G. in a Different Conditions.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Al-Rafadain+Engineering+Journal%22&quot;&gt;Al-Rafadain Engineering Journal&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Jun2026, Vol. 31 Issue 2, p7-22. 16p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Hybrid+power+systems%22&quot;&gt;Hybrid power systems&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Distributed+power+generation%22&quot;&gt;Distributed power generation&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Electric+power+system+management%22&quot;&gt;Electric power system management&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Voltage+control%22&quot;&gt;Voltage control&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Electric+power+system+stability%22&quot;&gt;Electric power system stability&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (English)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Contingency studies are conducted to assess the importance and reliability of power control systems by evaluating unspecified equipment outages under various conditions. This study conducts a comprehensive contingency analysis of a hybrid power system including distributed generators (D.G.s), wind farms, solar photovoltaic arrays, and grid connections to evaluate its resilience under N-1 power outage scenarios. Steady-state, dynamic, and voltage stability analyses are performed using Newton-Raphson and fast power flow simulations. The study presents key performance indicators for steady-state and dynamic responses, addressing voltage stability, thermal overload, and power flow redistribution. Mitigation strategies are proposed, including partial power compensation, ready-to-use generation scheduling, load shedding, and system resilience. The study also highlights the importance of contingency analysis based on reliable NERC/WECC standards and indicates how changing conditions impact grid resilience. The ETAP analysis supports an N-1 evaluation and the strategies used to determine system performance parameters, providing optimized operating thresholds for each component in the power system through the addition of user-defined components and failure scenarios. A hybrid power system was analyzed based on the separation of busbars, cables, distribution generator, transformers, wind generators, and the solar array. The study presents a new composite performance index (CPI) for use with hybrid power systems, integrating four sub-indices: voltage integrity (V/Vsp), real and reactive power deviations (ΔP and ΔQ), and branch overload (S/Ssp) to classify the severity of the contingency. The results show that the power outage on bus 1 (connected to the main grid) is the most severe (CPI = 103.065). In contrast, the outage&#39;s impact on the photovoltaic arrays is minimal (CPI &lt; 1), highlighting the system&#39;s reliance on centralized generation. The study also shows that proximity to high-power transmission elements enhances the impact of the contingency, while distributed renewable energy sources enhance resilience. This work provides practical insights for grid operators managing hybrid systems amid increasing renewable energy deployment and climate-induced disruptions. A reliable power grid isn’t just about avoiding blackouts, it’s about designing systems that can adapt, recover, and keep electricity flowing even when things go wrong. This paper provides both the tools and the mindset needed to build that future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (Arabic)
  Group: Ab
  Data: تركز المقالة على دراسة شاملة للطوارئ لنظام طاقة متجددة هجين متصل بالشبكة، يدمج مولدات موزعة (المعروفة بالمولدات الموزعة أو DGs)، ومزارع رياح، ومصفوفات الطاقة الشمسية الكهروضوئية، بالإضافة إلى وصلات الشبكة الكهربائية. باستخدام برنامج تحليل الانتقالات الكهربائية (ETAP)، تطبق الدراسة تحليلات الحالة المستقرة والديناميكية تحت سيناريوهات انقطاع N-1 لتقييم مرونة النظام، مع تقديم مؤشر أداء مركب جديد (مؤشر الأداء المركب CPI) يجمع بين سلامة الجهد الكهربائي، والانحرافات في القدرة الحقيقية والقدرة التفاعلية، وحمل الفروع الزائد، لقياس شدة الطوارئ. تشير النتائج إلى أن الانقطاعات في المكونات المركزية الحرجة—مثل الحافلة 1 (Bus 1) المتصلة بالشبكة الرئيسية، والمحولة T1، والكابل 4—تشكل أكبر المخاطر على استقرار النظام، في حين أن انقطاعات مصادر الطاقة المتجددة الموزعة مثل المصفوفات الكهروضوئية وتوربينات الرياح لها تأثير ضئيل، مما يبرز دورها في تعزيز مرونة الشبكة. تقترح الدراسة استراتيجيات تخفيف تشمل تعويض جزئي للطاقة، وجدولة التوليد الاحتياطي، وتقليل الأحمال لتحسين مرونة النظام وموثوقيته. يوفر هذا العمل أدوات عملية ورؤى لمشغلي الشبكات الذين يديرون أنظمة هجينة في ظل زيادة دمج مصادر الطاقة المتجددة والتحديات المتعلقة بالمناخ. [Extracted from the article]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Al-Rafadain Engineering Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education &amp; Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 7
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Hybrid power systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Distributed power generation
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      – SubjectFull: Electric power system management
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      – SubjectFull: Voltage control
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      – SubjectFull: Electric power system stability
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      – TitleFull: Power System Contingency Study of On-Grid Renewable Energy Resources with D.G. in a Different Conditions.
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              Text: Jun2026
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              Y: 2026
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